Human Growth And Development Personal Issues - 1965 Words

Human Growth and Development Personal Issues I am a young woman, who is about to turn 20, therefore I’m about to go into young adulthood. I am currently dealing with the problem of having excessive classes due to the fact that I want to finish Community College early and transfer. The reason for this is, I want to be able to live on my own and be more independent but also stay in school and get my degree required for my career. In result taking around 18 credits per semester is extremely difficult, at the moment I have 4 class projects I need to get done, and It becomes overwhelming because I feel like I m unable to properly invest myself in one project at a time just because I need to be able to turn them in all on time. Another situation I m currently dealing with at the moment is having to work 2 jobs because I need to be able to pay for my car, rent, and other utilities. Although I do still live with my family, I like to take care of my own expenses, because I don t want to have to have my parents have any money related problems because of me. They do help me with school related expenses which do come handy. Due to this situation, I feel like I m in a constant state of worry, and overwhelming anxiety. It seems like I have no time for myself and to be able to take a breath because I m always having to be doing something having to do with school or work. Not being able to do something to actually enjoy myself. Adolescence Shir is an 18-year-old teen that IShow MoreRelatedAutonomy: A Personality Trait1655 Words   |  7 PagesAutonomy The notion of personal autonomy is a characteristic that many individuals seek to find throughout their life. The term autonomy originates from the Greek words auto (self) and nomos (law) and means self-management (Senturan, Kose, Sabuncu, Ozhan, 2012). 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Although addressing individual environmental perception and organizational flaws could create visible change, the most significant solution to environmental issues is found at the level of reforming practices at the macro-level, since the relationship between theRead MoreConcept Of Well Being As Defined By The Center For Disease Control And Prevention1109 Words   |  5 Pageswell as satisfaction with life, fulfillment and positive functioning.† (Well-Being Concepts, 2016) The perfect approach to the issue of quantifying well-being is the use of self-assessment scales. One such scale developed is the Psychological Well-Being Scale by Carroll Ryff . (Ryff, 1995) Concepts such as Well-Being attempt to explore the non-economic side of development. It is of supreme importance to understand whether individuals are content with the l ife, which they are living over and aboveRead MoreThe Goals And Motivating And Leading Employees1089 Words   |  5 Pagesto completion† (quotesgram.com). 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Development of theory has facilitated the evolution of nursing as a professionRead MoreThe World Trade Organization ( Wto ) And Multilateral Trading System1610 Words   |  7 Pagessupports to be essential for advancing global development objectives. This essay will critically examine the objectives of the WTO and explain how the organisation aims to advance development globally. The essay will explore the significance of trade in the politics of development and how the WTO is central to that agenda. Understanding how the WTO is designed to operate will provide insight into why some believe that such a system is essential to development. The premise will then be critically assessedRead MoreReflective Reflection : Reflective Learning913 Words   |  4 PagesRe flective learning leads to the growth of an individual both in the personal and professional life supporting him morally, emotionally and psychologically. Reflection learning can help us better understand our strengths and weakness. It also helps us identify our questions values and beliefs. It encourages acknowledging and challenging possible assumptions on which our feelings, ideas actions and reactions are based. We can identify the areas of discrimination and acknowledge our fears. Also, itRead MoreHumanistic Psychology Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesOverview: Throughout history many individuals and groups have affirmed the inherent value and dignity of human beings. They have spoken out against ideologies, beliefs and practices, which held people to be merely the means for accomplishing economic and political ends. They have reminded their contemporaries that the purpose of institutions is to serve and advance the freedom and power of their members. In Western civilization we honor the times and places, such as Classical Greece and Europe ofRead MoreSustainable Growth and Economic Development1094 Words   |  5 PagesEconomic growth has been used with other terms such as development, modernization, westernization and industrialization. It is, in other words, a transition from a simple, low-income economy to a modern, high- income economy. Its scope includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people. Though it is often measured by rate of change of gross domestic produ ct, it is generally understood in terms of increase in per capita income

Importance of Honor Guard - 1338 Words

The Importance of Honor Guard â€Å"At every crossroads on the path that leads to the future, tradition has placed 10,000 men to guard the past.-Maurice Masterlinck. Being a volunteer member of a military base honor guard, there are numerous reasons that require full effort and dedication. It is important that we, ceremonial guardsmen, strive to stay true to the creed put forth for us. Respect, integrity, inspiration, professionalism and tradition are key to being an effective member of the honor guard. Millions of men and women have served in the armed forces before me and millions more will serve after. Some have paid the ultimate sacrifice; some lost and captured, others received wounds, physically and or emotionally, and that time†¦show more content†¦That is why the inspiration and drive within a member, of any honor guard, is a must have distinctive trait. Military and professionalism go hand in hand when it comes to anything. As for honor guard, you have to have it due to the encounters of others in the communities such as, sadden families, funeral directors and your own team members. When they are performing a detail, they aren’t just representing themselves but the thousands and millions of the other brothers and sisters that have served or are serving in the military forces. They are a direct reflection of the individual’s supervisor, the honor guard superintendent, the commanding officer, the base, and the branch in which they serve. We never know who and where people are watching from and yet who they are or who they know. No matter the type of ceremony, the size of the crowd, or the severity of the temperature will we not allow our performance of professionalism to be altered. We vowed to stand sharp, crisp and motionless and doing it properly will show the professionalism and experience. You cannot be or become a member of any honor guard without the discipline of being professional on or off duty. Honor guard is honored in a full and rich tradition and history. The organization was first erected in September 1948 with the strength of 98 enlisted members and two officers. They were all a part of the air police squadron and were tasked to provide a ceremonial detachment to performShow MoreRelatedGerman Medieval Literature: Hildebrandslied1025 Words   |  4 Pages In each text of the following German medieval literature: â€Å"Hildebranslied,† â€Å"Nibelungenlied† and Tristan courtly virtues of muot, à ªre, and triuwe are present and have importance within the context which either make a situation acceptable or not. These virtues make characters within each text either admirable or looked down upon. It also makes meaning of the text complex rather than one-sided. 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King Creon forbade publicly for anyone to bury the body of Polyneices under the penaltyRead MoreMilitary Boll History1080 Words   |  5 PagesReceiving line, posting of the colors, Pow/MIA ceremony, Toasts, Dinner, Guest Speaker and the dance. Depending on the Military force depends on the date. National Guard:   December 16, 1636, U.S. Army:   June 14, 1775, U.S. Navy:   October 13, 1775 (Abolished Feb 1781 - Reinstated 7 Sep 1781), U.S. Marine Corps:   November 10, 1775, U.S. Coast Guard:   August 4, 1790, U.S. Air Force:   September 17, 1947. The Military Ball has a proper form for Conduction done in 6 different steps. AsRead MoreSikhism Religion: Gurpurb1683 Words   |  7 Pagesthat, Guru Nanak became the first of the ten Sikh gurus. Guru Nanak introduced the traditions of sangat (communal worship) and langar (communal meal) to transmit the message of the oneness of God (Kalsi 19). Guru Nanak Dev Ji also addressed the importance of kirat-karna (earning one’s living through honest means) and wand chhakna (sharing the fruits of one’s labor with others). Many disciples were attracted to his influential teachings, which are based on the belief that there is only one god andRead MoreHonor Duty Honor War Speech Essay964 Words   |  4 Pagesto also inform the civilians of the expectations of a soldier. Their expectations to follow the code—Duty, Honor, Country. There are several techniques that are used to create an effective speech. The tone is serious but also provides insight. It is great to personalize the speech for the audience and the occasion. General Douglas MacArthur effective does so in his deliverance of â€Å"Duty, Honor, Country†. The General uses three main rhetoric devices t o convey his message to his audience. Logos is theRead MoreThe Importance of Flag Detail in the Military Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Flag Detail In today’s society, the American flag is a symbol of freedom, liberty, and justice among a number of other values. As Americans, we value the flag for its representation during the revolutionary war and the everlasting significance of today. As soldiers, we pledge to honor, serve, and protect the flag and the United States of America at all cost. In this paper, the relationship between the American flag and the United States Army will be explored through theRead MoreArmy Values Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pagesallegiance to the U.S. constitution, the Army, and other soldiers.† Duty â€Å"Fulfill your obligations.† Respect â€Å"Treat people as they should be treated.† Selfless Service â€Å"Put the welfare of the nation, the Army and your subordinates above your own.† Honor â€Å"Live up to the army values.† Integrity â€Å"Do what’s right legally and morally.† and Personal Courage â€Å"Face fear, danger or adversity (physical or moral).† We are all drilled on these 7 army values from day one of basic training. First we commit themRead MorePathos And Ethos In Speech1202 Words   |  5 Pages1962, General Douglas MacArthur addressed the cadets at the West Point Military Academy in his speech Duty, Honor, Country, during the reception for the Sylvanus Thayer Award. This award is given to an â€Å"†¦outstanding citizen of the United States whose service and accomplishments in the national interest exemplify personal devotion to the ideals expressed in the West Point motto, duty, honor, country.† As the one receiving this prestigious award, General MacArthur truly exemplified these values as

Network security Essay Example For Students

Network security Essay 1.0 INTRODUCTION2 FACTS AND FINDINGS2 2.4.1 Passwords6 2.4. After all this had been set up you then have to figure out a way to respond to the intrusions. After all this had been accomplished you are then on your way to a network that is secure. In order to create a network you must first realize what you are going to use the network for. Deciding how you want your network and the functions you want it to do is very complicated. When creating one you must really think about what you are going to use it for now and what you see yourself doing in the future with the network. When creating a network you want to leave options for upgrade. Once you have decided on how you want your network, then you must look at the security options. Security is a key option in networking. When you think of security you have to look at the option of someone in your own company tampering with files as well as the outside world being able to access your network. One step in protecting yourself or a company is by securing desktop workstations. What I mean by a Desktop Workstation is that it is a combination of the hardware, operating system, application software, and network connections of a computer. If I were to get more specific I would have mentioned just one of the following items above. Securing a desktop workstation is a very important part of your network. The reason I say this is because of the personal information of the company or your own personal information that is stored on the workstation. You have to remember that with networks you are connected to the rest of the world as well. So by not securing your workstation you then are more likely to have a hacker tap into your system. If this happens the hacker is capable of doing what ever he/she wants. They could delete files or just copy them in order for them to get your personal information that they then can use. Many people dont realize that there are many security problems that can be avoided if the workstations are configured appropriately. Most of the hardware found in a computer is set by the manufacture. Since it is set by the manufacture they dont consider the security. They look more at other functions and features. The reason why the manufactures do this is because they have no idea what your securitys needs are or the companys. In order to have the best security; you must configure the workstation to your needs. Besides configuring the workstation you must reconfigure the workstation as long as your requirements change. By doing this you will then be guaranteeing yourself the security you need. I feel that there are three main issues that you need to know about securing a workstation. One of the three issues is confidentiality. Confidentiality is information that is stored on the workstation that is reveled inappropriately. There are many reasons why this may happen. Asedfds Essay Some of the reasons are that a person without authority is able to access the workstation without permission. Another reason would be that a person has access but then views the information that he/she wasnt suppose to have access to. The final reason is where a person sends information over the network without permission to do so. The second issue would be Integrity. Integrity is where information may be changed on the workstation by mistake or they planed on changing the information. The third issue would be .

Shakespeare Life Essays (491 words) - Kings Men, William Shakespeare

Shakespeare Life Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-avon. His mother's name was Mary Arden, a member of the gentry. His father's name was "John" Glover Shakespeare, a commoner. John tried to regain their position in society by getting a coat of arms, but was rejected three times. William later, after achieving his fame, received a coat of arms known as "Not without right" that was in the shape of a shield. At the tender age of 14, (1578) William was apprenticed to a butcher. At 17, (1581) he was a liberteen, or a very wild and rambunctious teen. In 1582, between the ages of 18 and 19, William met Ann Hathaway, 26, and she became pregnant. The two got married and had a little girl named Suzanna, who later married a doctor, Thomas Nash. They also were blessed with twins, Judith (Juliet) and Hamnet (Hamlet). They both died before adulthood. William was no super model. He was bald, had the unattractive brown hair for the time, and was a country bumpkin. Although he had these unfavorable physical characteristics, he was still able to have many affairs behind his wife's back. In London especially, he had many affairs and was a wild party guy. Ann didn't like her husband's ways and was constantly nagging him. Because of her nagging, William left her their second best bed "and nothing more." People don't know whether it was a sentimental gesture or just for spite. In 1588, Comedy of Errors was written, which is said to be his first play. 1588-1612 were known as his London days. He left Stratford at the age of 24 and went to London first, to get away from his wife, and second, because he was wanted for poaching deer at Charlcote Manner. In London he joined a theatrical society known as Lord Chamberlin's Men. William's patron was Lord Chamberlin. William was considered a low comedian during these times. Tragedians were considered great, but comedy was low. In this theatrical society, William conducted his stage career, but he was quite drunk much of the time. One night, he was even found under a tree in which he had fallen in a drunken stupor and forgotten where he was. His affairs were abundant and he was known as the country bumpkin from Stratford. Christopher Marlow influenced Shakespeare's tragedies and was also a rival. Ben Johnson influenced Shakespeare's comedies. In 1592, he was a successful playwright and actor. He wrote dramas, played cool parts, but never published any of his plays. In 1593, Venus of Adonis was published. 1594-1610 he acted and wrote plays on an average of two a year. In 1597, he bought a home in Stratford. 1602-he bought a large estate. 1609-published some sonnets in a collection. 1612-retired to Stratford. On March 23, 1616, William wrote his will and on April 23, 1616 he died. Richard Burbage was one of the original tragic actors in Shakespeare's plays. He was a guiding light of the project to edit and publish all of William's work. The Globe Theater was where all of his plays were performed.

is crime caused by genetics essays

is crime caused by genetics essays Throughout time there have been many different reasons associated with why people commit crimes. It has been said that crimes are committed because of criminals past and the way that they grow up. Many people also feel that crimes are associated with the criminals minds or are simply due to the fact that a person was in the wrong place at the wrong time. Scientists have done research and feel that there are many things that are genetic. A fairly new question that is being asked is the question of genetics and crime. Is crime genetic? Many geneticists feel that crime is somewhat genetic, and may even be more genetic than they know. In Tabitha M. Powledges article that appeared in the magazine BioScience in 1993, she expresses the point that crime and genetics are related. She also stated that knowing this was not going to be enough information to contribute significantly to helping or preventing crime. Scientists have found that more than 80% of those arrested for any crime, and more than 90% of those arrested for violent crime, possess a Y chromosome. (Powledge) This somewhat proves the theory that crime is related to genetics. Besides the Y chromosome there is really no other gene that is related to crime according to Powledges article. She states Like other complex traits, most behaviors appear to result from the actions of multiple genes, with generous input from outside the DNA as well. (Powledge) This shows that there is probably no one gene that will cause a person to commit a crime. In a conference held about genetics and criminal behavior in 1992, one of the conferences members, Margaret McCar thy gave an excellent metaphor with lemonade about how genes affect crimes. She said that lemonade is compounded from many different ingredients such as lemonade and sugar. According to McCarthy these ingredients are inseparable. This is the same as with genes. There is no s...

Guinn v. United States

Guinn v. United States Guinn v. United States was a United States Supreme Court case decided in 1915, dealing with the constitutionality of voter qualification provisions in state constitutions. Specifically, the court found residency-based â€Å"grandfather clause† exemptions to voter literacy tests- but not the tests themselves- to be unconstitutional. Literacy tests were used in several Southern states between the 1890s and 1960s as a way of preventing African Americans from voting. The unanimous decision in Guinn v. United States marked the first time the Supreme Court struck down a state law disenfranchising African Americans.   Fast Facts: Guinn v. United States Case Argued: Oct. 17, 1913Decision Issued: June 21, 1915Petitioners: Frank Guinn and J. J. Beal, Oklahoma election officialsRespondent: United StatesKey Questions: Did Oklahoma’s grandfather clause, in singling out black Americans as being required to take a voter literacy test, violate the U.S. Constitution? Did Oklahoma’s literacy test clause- without the grandfather clause- violate the U.S. Constitution?Majority Decision: Justices White, McKenna, Holmes, Day, Hughes, Van Devanter, Lamar, PitneyDissenting: None, but Justice McReynolds took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.Ruling: The Supreme Court ruled that residency-based â€Å"grandfather clause† exemptions to voter literacy tests- but not the tests themselves- were unconstitutional. Facts of the Case Shortly after it was admitted into the Union in 1907, the state of Oklahoma passed an amendment to its constitution requiring that citizens pass a literacy test before being allowed to vote. However, the state’s Voter Registration Act of 1910 contained a clause allowing voters whose grandfathers had either been eligible to vote before January 1, 1866, had been residents of â€Å"some foreign nation,† or had been soldiers, to vote without taking the test. Rarely affecting white voters, the clause disenfranchised many black voters because their grandfathers had been slaves before 1866 and were thus ineligible to vote.   As applied in most states, the literacy tests were highly subjective. Questions were confusingly worded and often had several possible correct answers. In addition, the tests were graded by white election officials who had been trained to discriminate against black voters. In one instance, for example, election officials rejected a black college graduate even though there was not â€Å"the slightest room for doubt as to whether† he was entitled to vote, concluded the U.S. Circuit Court. After the 1910 November midterm election, Oklahoma election officials Frank Guinn and J.J. Beal were charged in federal court with conspiring to fraudulently disenfranchise black voters, in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment. In 1911, Guinn and Beal were convicted and appealed to the Supreme Court. Constitutional Issues While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 had guaranteed U.S. citizenship without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, it did not address the voting rights of former slaves. To bolster the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Reconstruction-era, the Fifteenth Amendment, ratified on February 3, 1870, prohibited the federal government and the states from denying any citizen the right to vote based on their race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Supreme Court faced two related Constitutional questions. First, did Oklahoma’s grandfather clause, in singling out black Americans as being required to take the literacy test, violate the U.S. Constitution? Second, did Oklahoma’s literacy test clause- without the grandfather clause- violate the U.S. Constitution? The Arguments The state of Oklahoma argued that the 1907 amendment to its state constitution was validly passed and clearly within the powers of the states granted by the Tenth Amendment. The Tenth Amendment reserves all powers not specifically granted to the U.S. government in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution to the states or to the people. Attorneys for the U.S. government chose to argue only against the constitutionality of the â€Å"grandfather clause† itself while conceding that literacy tests, if written and administered to be racially neutral, were acceptable. Majority Opinion In its unanimous opinion, delivered by Chief Justice C.J. White on June 21, 1915, the Supreme Court ruled that Oklahoma’s grandfather clause- having been written in a way to serve â€Å"no rational purpose† other than to deny African American citizens the right to vote- violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The convictions of Oklahoma election officials Frank Guinn and J.J. Beal were thus upheld. However, since the government had previously conceded the point, Justice White wrote that, â€Å"No time need be spent on the question of the validity of the literacy test, considered alone, since, as we have seen, its establishment was but the exercise by the State of a lawful power vested in it not subject to our supervision, and, indeed, its validity is admitted.† Dissenting Opinion As the court’s decision was unanimous, with only Justice James Clark McReynolds not taking part in the case, no dissenting opinion was issued. The Impact In overturning Oklahoma’s grandfather clause, but upholding its right to require pre-voting literacy tests, the Supreme Court confirmed the historic rights of the states to establish voter qualifications as long as they did not otherwise violate the U.S. Constitution. While it was a symbolic legal victory for African American voting rights, the Guinn ruling fell far short of immediately enfranchising black Southern citizens. At the time it was issued, the court’s ruling also nullified similar voter qualification provisions in the constitutions of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Virginia. While they could no longer apply grandfather clauses, their state legislatures enacted poll taxes and other means of restricting black voter registration. Even after the Twenty-Fourth Amendment prohibited the use of poll taxes in federal elections, five states continued to impose them in state elections. Not until 1966 did the U.S. Supreme Court declare poll taxes in state elections unconstitutional.   In final analysis, Guinn vs. United States decided in 1915, was a small, but a significant first legal step in the Civil Rights Movement toward racial equality in the United States. It was not until passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that all remaining legal barriers denying black Americans the right to vote under the Fifteenth Amendment- enacted nearly a century earlier- were finally outlawed. Sources and Further Reference Guinn v. United States (238 U.S. 347). Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute.Guinn v. United States (1915). Oklahoma Historical Society.Onion, Rebecca. The Impossible Literacy Test Louisiana Gave Black Voters in the 1960s. Slate (2013).Poll Taxes. Smithsonian National Museum of American History.

The extended analysis about Aren't You Happy for Me Essay

The extended analysis about Aren't You Happy for Me - Essay Example Another writer that considers the twists and turns of existence is Nuruddin Farah. Like ‘Aren’t You Happy for Me?’, Farah’s ‘My Father, the Englishman, and I’ considers the complexities of life and familial relations. Specifically this story traces a child’s remembrance of interacting with an Englishman at a treating signing occasion. This essay examines the specific narrative, symbolic, and metaphorical techniques Bausch implements in creating meaning in ‘Aren’t You Happy for Me?’ and the literary techniques Farah implements in ‘My Father, the Englishman, and I’. While Bausch explicates the story in a clear way, the narrative is structured as to heighten the meaning. One of the overarching recognitions, in these regards, is the way Bausch constructs the story in a suspenseful way. Perhaps the most prominent means that Bausch constructs the story to gain suspense is by having the daughter gradually reveal more information about her situation. In this way, the story begins with the daughter teaching her father to pronounce someone’s name. This way the reader immediately begins to question what is occurring in the story. This method is implemented as a major plot device throughout much of the text. Another means of expanding suspense throughout the story is through the daughter, Melanie, gradually informing her father of the full extent of her sensational situation. In this way, she begins by informing her father that she is getting engaged. Following this revelation she indicates that she is also pregnant. The final revelation, however, is that the man she is marrying and having a child with is actually sixty-three years old. Melanie states, â€Å"She took a breath. "Dad, William's sixty - he's - he's sixty - sixty-three years old" (Bausch). In this way Bausch situates the information that is revealed in a progressive way as a means of heightening the tension and suspense thr oughout the story. While the development of suspense is a major narrative technique, Bausch also particularly cognizant of the way that information is revealed to different characters, as well as the reader. Indeed, the story remains strongly linked to the means that the information is revealed to particular characters. One of the most prominent concerns in terms of the way information is revealed is the way that the mother is away from the events on the phone. During the early portions of the story she is only referenced in the garden outside. Bausch writes, â€Å"Outside the window, his wife, with no notion of what she was about to be hit with, looked through the patterns of shade in the blinds and, seeing him, waved† (Bausch). In this instance, Bausch not only indicates the wife is unaware of the events, but uses her ignorance as a means of creating an ironic statement; this may also function as criticism of the patriarchal household, where women actively assume a subordin ate role. An additional concern is the recognition that the reader remains ignorant of the daughter’s new in the same way that the father remains ignorant. Namely, at the same time Melanie reveals information to the father the reader discovers this information. Ultimately then Bausch’s use of suspense thoroughly allows the reader to experience the father’s state of surprise. While the narrative elements of suspense and information are highly important in the text, Bausch also pays particular attention to other means of

String and tube instruments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

String and tube instruments - Essay Example On account of some wind instruments, sound is generated by blowing through a reed; others presuppose buzzing into a metal mouthpiece. Sound from string instruments’ is created by the transformation of vibrating strings. Large strings are either culled or bowed to make sound. In both cases the string does not experience the basic situation of music depicted previously. Culling a string at the core does not make a superbly molded sinusoidal wave; rather you begin with a triangle shape on the string. It is clear that Fourier's work of rehashing shape could be structured from an arrangement of sine waves. Culling a string at the middle stresses the principal such that different music types will be incorporated. Culling the string at an area 1/4 of the path along the string makes the second consonant which creates a touch louder and at the same time availing different music. The consequence of culling at diverse areas is that the range produced is not uniform. In any case, culling the string verifies which sounds are underscored. In the culled case the triangle shape promptly changes over into a consolidation of sines and cosines, some of which decrease rapidly. Assuming that the string is bowed, the triangle wave is looked in such a way that the bow presses on to draw the string to one side at the purpose of contact. The triangle wave formed ventures out to the extension, reflects, and comes back to the bow’s contact area. The point when the purpose of the triangle shape comes back to the bow it makes the string break detaching from the bow. The wave proceeds and reflects off the fuss end, coming back to the bow once more, now making the string adhere to the bow. This slip-stick component upholds a triangle molded wave and proceeds to the string, reflecting from every close. At the end of the day, changing the area of the bow contact figures out will accentuate the music. Because Fourier's work to form from a series of sine waves. Now that the harmoni cs are included in the sound, they will remain through plucking in different locations. Again, there is no uniformity in the spectrum meaning that different harmonics will be emphasized as you pluck. When the string is plucked, it immediately converse to the combination sin and cosines. Now that some combinations die away quickly then the other, the sound generated by a string in different positions will be different. String instruments have harmonic resonances associated with a surface which has extra hints, some of which are not consonant. Most stringed instruments will have an empty figure with an opening so there is air resonances connected with the form hole. These resonances make it less demanding to achieve a given note and the note being played sounds louder. For most stringed instruments the extension transmits vibrations from the string to the group of the instrument. Numerous guitar and violin extensions are cut with fascinating shapes. This makes them more adaptable so t hey are closer to the thunder frequencies of the string and figure. The implication therefore is that they can go about many channels since they don't transmit frequent and effective frequencies. A few scaffolds will be somewhat adjusted with the goal of marginally changing the length of the string as it vibrates. This will definitely influence the frequencies emitted by the instrument. The picture on the left shows the extension of a

Nike †SWOT Analysis Essay Example for Free

Nike – SWOT Analysis Essay STRENGTHS Nike is a very competitive. It has a huge and healthy dislike of its competitors. At Atlanta Olympics, its competitor Reebok went on expense of sponsoring the games but Nike didn’t take this step. It sponsored top athletes and gained much coverage. Nike does not have factories. It does not let its cash to tie up in buildings and manufacturing employees. This model makes it a very lean organization. They manufacture high quality product at a location which offers low prices. If price gets increased, it shifts to other production location. Nike has a very strong research and development area which can be seen in its innovative product range. Nike is a global brand. It is at top position in sport brand in the World. Its famous â€Å"Swoosh† logo is instantly recognizable by people. Nike is a very professional company. It has offices in 45 different countries. It offers products all over the world. It is a fortune 500 company. It has very strong marketing campaign that increases the familiarity of its brand. It employs over 30,000 employees across the world. It has got its retail chain Niketown. It has taken initiatives in many different branding opportunities and resulted in impressive outcomes. It provides lightweight shoes by using lunarlite materials. (Nike SWOT Analysis) WEAKNESS Though Nike has varied range of sports products but still its business’s income is depends heavily on the share of footwear market it has got. So, in case its market share decreases, it can leave the company becomes vulnerable to come down. Though Nike has got its own retailer: Niketown, its huge part of income comes from selling into retailers. And retail sector is very sensitive as well. Retailers also provide same set of experiences to customers. So, the profit margin will get affected if retailers try to sell off the products at lower prices. It has got charges against labor violations; experienced bad publicity with issues of sweatshops and practicing unethical patterns has degraded its image to some extent. Its  history involves the violations of minimum wage rates in Vietnam. For cheaper prices, it has been charged for exploiting workforces which will be employed at lower price in overseas countries. It’s been accused of providing poor working conditions to the workers. It gets constant negative criticism from anti-globalization groups. Its production is carried out at a cheaper location, so majorly it happens outside U.S. But this practice is not considered good in U.S. (Swot Analysis Nike) (Nike SWOT Analysis) OPPORTUNITY 1. The development of product range offers Nike many opportunities. Though Nike owners don’t consider its brand as a fashionable one but its customers consider it so. They don’t buy it for sports activities only. It has become a fashion trademark among customers especially the youth. This creates huge opportunities for Nike as the product could come under unfashionable tag before it wears out i.e. shoes gets replaced by the customers. 2. Opportunity also lies in developing sports wears, sunglasses and jewellery. These high end valued items will surely get associated with their mainline products. 3. It can develop its business internationally which can give strength to its global brand recognition. There are many emerging countries like China and India which offers disposable income to be spent on high value sports products. These countries have growing number of customers especially the working population. 4. There are many global sports events such as the World cup (So ccer) and the Olympics, which can be used as global marketing events. They can support the brand of the company. 5. Company can extend its reach in trendy and fashionable industry where not only Athletes but general population is also targeted. 6. There is a scope of new sponsorships. These new sponsors usually have successful ways to brandize an organization. 7. It can create new products by using waste from usual manufacture. 8. It can expand into jewellery and sunglasses items. 9. It can change its product development strategy with change in trends. 10. It can reduce controversy occurring around its business practices. (SWOT Analysis Nike, Inc.) THREATS 1. Nike has its business in several countries i.e. it is been exposed to international behavior of trade. It manufactures and sells in different  currencies. Hence costs and profit margin will fluctuate over a longer period of time. This nature of trade can put Nike on loss side. 2. The market of sports shoes is very competitive. Hence the business model developed by the owners of Nike is no longer in use. It needs to come up with a sustainable model so as to remain in the race. 3. Market is flooded with competitors who are developing alternative brands to take Nike’s market share. 4. As we have observed that retail sector is very competitive. This means customers have got lot of options available at one’s end. So if one store charges a price for a product, consumer can go to other store if that store is selling the same quality price at lower rates. Hence price sensitivity is a huge threat to Nike. 5. A global business usually experiences hiccups because abroad busin ess operations are exposed to risks of fluctuations in currencies, quotas, safeguard measures, restrictions in trades and terrorism. 6. Its exposed to risks associated with importing costs because of international barriers 7. It needs to maintain reputation as one of the eco-friendly organizations. 8. It is difficult for them to manage financial conditions in today’s economy. 9. Its association with Kobe Bryant. 10. It’s been accused for unfair labor practices. (Nike SWOT Analysis) Works Cited Nike SWOT Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.teamonedesign.com: www.teamonedesign.com/aio/mk/Nike_SWOT_Analysis.doc Swot Analysis Nike. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.quality-assurance-solutions.com: http://www.quality-assurance-solutions.com/swot-analysis-nike.html SWOT Analysis Nike, Inc. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.marketingteacher.com: http://www.marketingteacher.com/swot/nike-swot.html#

The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Literature

In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne analyzes Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth. In the story, Hester is the main character of the story and was called Mistress Prynne (Hawthorne 70). Dimmesdale, in the story was referred to as Reverend Dimmesdale (Hawthorne 90). Chillingworth was originally named, Roger Prynne but later in the story he changed his name to Roger Chillingworth. In the story, Hester committed adultery with Dimmesdale against Chillingworth and in the beginning she got punished and sent to prison and later she got to get out of prison but with the exception of having to wear the letter A on her breast every time she went out in to town. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester is the main character. Hester is referred to as â€Å"Mistress Prynne† (Hawthorne 70). The Scarlet Letter also mentions she is holding her three month old baby, Pearl, in her arms who winked and turned her head by the sun’s rays (Hawthorne 71). She is described as having an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread â€Å"letter A† on the breast of her gown (Hawthorne 71). Hester was also a tall woman (Hawthorne 72). Her hair was dark and abundant her hair shined while the sunshine gleamed off her hair (Hawthorne 72). Hester had a marked brow and dark black eyes (Hawthorne 72). Hester Prynne is often described as a lady-like person (Hawthorne 72). Hester’s role in the story is described as sleeping with a priest and got accused of committing adultery and got punished by having to wear a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on the breast of her gown (Hawthorne 71). Hester Prynne’s punishment is to go to prison and then with her child, Pearl, go and stand out on the platform in front of everybody wearing her scarlet letter on the breast of her gown (Howells). Hester... ...1. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 2 Feb. 2012. Reid, Bethany. "Narrative of the Captivity and Redemption of Roger Prynne: Rereading The Scarlet Letter." Studies in the Novel 33.3 (Fall 2001): 247-267. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Jessica Bomarito and Russel Whitaker. Vol. 158. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 3 Feb. 2012. Symons, Arthur. "Nathaniel Hawthorne." Studies in Prose and Verse. E. P. Dutton & Co., 1904. 52-62. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Laurie Lanzen Harris. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 3 Feb. 2012. Tamkang Review. "John Updike's S." Tamkang Review 25.3-4 (Spring-Summer 1995): 379-405. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Janet Witalec. Vol. 126. Detroit: Gale, 2002. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 2 Feb. 2012.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Modern Technology Essay

Skills: Library resources and services The library at C.O.M Yap campus is a very important place where students could get help from when they really needed help on their assignments or anything they might want to know more about. It is a place where students could explore many things and learn about times in the past and could help in answering some mysterious questions that might occurred in their minds. Therefore, the library is offering resources and services in which are free to the students to explore them when they needed help. In the library, the resources contain many things that are very interesting and helpful to students. In addition, the library is offering six items under the resources. These items are; books, archives, government documents, periodicals, audio-visual, and Internet access and online databases. In this case, the resources help us understand what is happening around the world through newspapers, magazines, and of course the Internet. Read more:Â  Modern Technology Advantages and Disadvantages These resources are very helpful for they are the sources of our learning. The library also offers services that had given to students who ask for it and in need of. These services includes borrowing of books, computers for research, printing, media services, collection development, reference and research assistance, and library orientation. The library orientation service has always given to freshmen especially on the first week of the semester. Other service like printing is one that always serves students every day. Students use this to print their papers. Research on the other hand is always hard for students due to the lack of knowledge on how to research. In this case, the librarian is the right person to give students the information. In other word, students are to ask the librarian for help. The librarian then can help each individual in using these services in the library appropriately. In conclusion, the resources and services are the main skills that make the library so important. Because of these two skills, the library welcomes more and more students every day. These two skills help students to find answer on their own and by the help of the librarian.

Popeyes vs Kentucky Fried Chicken Essay

Popeyes: To be the world’s best quick service restaurant. Being the best means providing outstanding quality service, cleanliness, and value, so that makes every customer in every restaurant smile. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: The strength of Popeyes is based on its distinctive brand and style of Louisiana spicy chickens that it provides on its menu along with its chicken sandwiches, chicken tenders, fried shrimps and other seafood, jambalaya, red beans and rice and other regional items. Popeyes is a highly differentiated brand with passion for its New Orleans heritage n flavorful authentic foods. Weakness: Popeyes is second to its sister company KFC. About 90% of their domestic restaurants are concentrated in Tennessee and Louisiana. Most of their restaurants are located in heavily populated African-American neighborhoods; giving them higher chances of being robbed and giving them a higher close-out outlook. Opportunities: Popeyes serves the food that the world craves and is continuing to expand its global reach. Popeyes operates and franchises 1,977 restaurants in 45 states and 26 foreign countries and out of the 1,977 restaurants 1,542 of them are domestic franchise restaurants and 397 of them are international franchises. Approximately 55% of the international franchises are located in South Korea, Canada and Turkey. Threats: Most of Popeyes’ locations can be founded in urban neighborhoods. The local competition on neighborhood fried chicken restaurant offer lower price to Popeyes’ corporate pricing. There are poor customer base in certain areas and natural disasters. The SWOT analysis for the future of Popeyes looks to be great. Due to more consumer wanting the taste and feel of â€Å"southern hospitality† style food, many franchises are starting to pop up in many neighborhoods across America and internationally. When it comes to the marketing aspect of Popeyes, the company markets itself to a non-southern resident base that has always wanted to experience the idea of â€Å"southern hospitality†. Popeyes goes with the idea of being â€Å"Louisiana Fresh and Bonafide Fried Chicken†. With its combination of southern spices, herbs and regional foods on its menu; Popeyes brings the flavors of Louisiana to your taste buds. The advantage that Popeyes have over their competition is that they cater to a more diverse and international customer base. They offer and have both domestic and international franchising if an individual domestic or foreign wanted to franchise a Popeyes location. Their international franchising extends as far as South Korea. It is owned and operated by Yum Brands; the same company that owns and operate KFC, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut. One distinct advantage is that all Popeyes franchises do not share the same building as you see a Pizza Hut and a Taco Bell or a KFC and a Taco Bell. One major improvement that I feel Popeyes should improve upon is its domestic in minority based neighborhood for the safety of its employees and monetary losses and its minority base advertisement concept. They should appeal to all neighborhoods and advertise to the appeasement of all. Popeyes sells chicken so their â€Å"target market† is anybody who likes chicken. So to make it more sensible, their target markets are young, single individuals, married couples and families and older citizens who do not time at home to be in the kitchen at all times. Their age group goes as low as five and as high as 65. You can now see Popeyes in all sort of neighborhoods: Black, White, Hispanic and Asians just to name a few. If you ever work in a Popeyes, you will see the diversity of the people who like fried chicken. The opportunity for growth in this target market is great. Because as the current market ages, they are still going to be consumers of the same products as they have been and will encourage those that they bring along to be consumer of the same products as well. One obstacle they should be concerned about as a company on the rise is â€Å"disinterest† due to the lack of creativity if they do not become more imaginative and creative. As a human, the mind gets boring after doing and having the same thing over and over. They should also be concerned of a stiffer competition market from their competitors. Everybody wants to be the number one brand that is preferred but it is the company who is always thinking ahead and calculating risk and rewards to be the preferred brand that stays the preferred brand. Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC): The Kentucky Fred Chicken mission statement is â€Å"To sell fast food in a fast, friendly environment that appeal to pride conscious, health minded consumers†. Vision Statement: Food, Fun & Festival, this is what KFC is all about. Leading the market since its inception, KFC provides the ultimate chicken meals for a Chicken Loving Nation. Be it Colonel Sanders secret original Recipe Chicken or Hot & Spicy Version, every bite brings YUM on our face. At KFC we can proudly say, â€Å"We Do Chicken right†. SWOT Analysis:  Strengths: Kentucky Fried Chicken is a very famous chain of quick-service chicken restaurant that started from Louisville, Kentucky. The company is became a sub-brand of Yum Brands in the year 2002 and benefitted greatly from the position and brand value of Yum foods. In the past, KFC chain of restaurants grew at a very fast pace and has become today one of the largest chicken restaurants chain in the world. KFC has been known to be an innovator in the chicken restaurant segment with an annual sale of more than a billion dollars. The KFC as a brand is well established in the dining out as well as delivery service provider in the fast food industry. Despite the entrance and presence of many competitors in the fast food industry the company was able to retain its large loyal customer base because of its unique offering. Due to this reason the KFC ranks highest when it comes to chicken restaurant chains, convenience restaurants and variety food provider. KFC currently has more than fifty percent of the market share in fast food industry and the new competitions are finding it very difficult to capture any of its share. Over the years KFC has gained great recognition as a reputable brand for fast food even after the death of Col. Sanders and has globally positioned itself well in the industry. Weaknesses: When other companies in the chicken industry were trying to increase its market share; KFC were not able to compete well in the market or retain its customers. Also the special paper buckets that is now used by the KFC for delivering large sized orders was originally introduced by Wendy’s restaurant. The company has entered so many markets in the past in the United States that its growth rate was about only one percent a year. KFC has said not to pay attention to its resource and development. Opportunities: KFC has been trying to enter new markets and position itself in some of the hard to enter markets like South America. With more investments; the company can definitely make its position stronger in the food industry. More spending on the resources and development as well as introducing new food items and products KFC can increase its market share and profits. Threats: The competitors of KFC have successfully captured a large market share. According to findings McDonalds has about 35 percent of the share in Sandwich Segment whereas the Burger King owns about sixteen percent of the market share in fast food industry. The local restaurants in different countries where KFC has presence pose a threat to the company. The baby boomers formed the major part of the loyal customers of the company that now have ages between 35 to 50 years and are likely to move towards healthier foods. The other competitors in the industry are continuously improving and trying to enter new markets and increase their market share and sales. With the lifestyle of people changing due to growing awareness about healthier food people now look for something healthy, low calories and delicious at the same time. KFC as a company is doing well in its global positions and how it is the number one preferred brand in the â€Å"quick-service chicken† restaurant industry. KFC and more accurately, owners of KFC, Yum! Brands Inc. is the foreign company with the largest presence in China. KFC dominates the fast food market in China and is well over twice as large as McDonald’s there. KFC implemented a better strategy than McDonald’s in China. While McDonald’s tried to stay true to their menu and kept their product offering in China somewhat similar to what the rest of the world knows (burgers and fries); KFC incorporated local dishes with their famous fried chicken. They also looked more to local employees to make big decisions instead of just taking their instructions from the U. S. headquarters. This allowed KFC to enter the hearts, minds and stomachs of more Chinese people. KFC have many advantages over their competitors in terms of production, innovation, and ways of appealing to the satisfaction of their target market. Since its introduction into the American way of life, KFC has managed to always keep its original startups but yet adding new favorable additions to suit the needs of each generation. KFC provides a quick and easy meal. It can also be bought in large amounts. KFC can improve on its customer service at certain locations. Even though its mostly a franchising based company but yet the franchisee should take it upon themselves to train better and better equip their franchises to hand the demands of their negative aspects of their stores. The interesting area for growth with KFC is in its international markets. If KFC can take the same approach that it took when it franchised in China, the results will be more international investments from different individuals who see the opportunity as a way to invest in something new. With being the number one international â€Å"quick-service chicken† restaurant, there can instances where language barrier can play a factor in transitioning into the newer markets. And also they should be concerned with the pricing they implement in those new markets that they explore as well.

Free Essays on Atom Bomb

The atom consists of a central, positively charged core, the nucleus , and negatively charged particles called electrons that are found in orbits around the nucleus.The Nucleus Almost the entire mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus, which occupies only a tiny fraction of the atom's volume. The nucleus of an atom consists of neutrons and protons, the neutron being an uncharged particle and the proton a positively charged one. Their masses are almost equal. Atoms containing the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons represent different forms, or isotopes , of the same element.The Electrons Surrounding the nucleus of an atom are its electrons; for a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the atomic number. The outermost electrons of an atom determine its chemical and electrical properties. An atom may combine chemically with another atom in various ways, either by giving up or receiving electrons, thus setting up an electrical attraction between the atoms (see ion ), or by sharing one or more pairs of electrons (see chemical bond ). Because metals have few outermost electrons and tend to give them up easily, they are good conductors of electricity or heat (see conduction ).The electrons are often described as revolving about the nucleus as the planets revolve about the sun. This picture, however, is misleading. The quantum theory has shown that all particles in motion also have certain wave properties. For a particle the size of an electron, these properties are of considerable importance. As a result the electrons in an atom cannot be pictured as localized i n space, but rather should be viewed as smeared out over the entire orbit so that they form a cloud of charge. The electron clouds around the nucleus represent regions in which the electrons are most likely to be found. The shapes of these clouds can be very complex, in marked contrast to the simple elliptical orbits of planets. Surprising... Free Essays on Atom Bomb Free Essays on Atom Bomb The atom consists of a central, positively charged core, the nucleus , and negatively charged particles called electrons that are found in orbits around the nucleus.The Nucleus Almost the entire mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus, which occupies only a tiny fraction of the atom's volume. The nucleus of an atom consists of neutrons and protons, the neutron being an uncharged particle and the proton a positively charged one. Their masses are almost equal. Atoms containing the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons represent different forms, or isotopes , of the same element.The Electrons Surrounding the nucleus of an atom are its electrons; for a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the atomic number. The outermost electrons of an atom determine its chemical and electrical properties. An atom may combine chemically with another atom in various ways, either by giving up or receiving electrons, thus setting up an electrical attraction between the atoms (see ion ), or by sharing one or more pairs of electrons (see chemical bond ). Because metals have few outermost electrons and tend to give them up easily, they are good conductors of electricity or heat (see conduction ).The electrons are often described as revolving about the nucleus as the planets revolve about the sun. This picture, however, is misleading. The quantum theory has shown that all particles in motion also have certain wave properties. For a particle the size of an electron, these properties are of considerable importance. As a result the electrons in an atom cannot be pictured as localized i n space, but rather should be viewed as smeared out over the entire orbit so that they form a cloud of charge. The electron clouds around the nucleus represent regions in which the electrons are most likely to be found. The shapes of these clouds can be very complex, in marked contrast to the simple elliptical orbits of planets. Surprising...

5 Things You Should Never Put on Your Resume

5 Things You Should Never Put on Your Resume We all know how crucial a resume can be. It’s the document that gets you past the computer, through the door, into the interview. And you can’t get the job without getting through those stages. You’ve added in all the things you’ve been told are resume must-haves, but have you considered there might be a few things you should take out of your resume? Here are 5Â  things that you should delete from your resume as soon as possible. 1. ObjectiveThe Objective statement has gone the way of the dodo. To avoid being hopelessly retro, take it out. Your Objective statement probably just says that you’re looking for a challenging position in a great and growing company anyway, right? That tells the recruiter nothing whatsoever, and it undoubtedly also bores them. A Summary statement is much more effective. If you don’t have one, sub one in for your Objective. Either way, delete the Objective part.2. Laundry listDo you have a section where you merely l ist all of your skills and the key- or buzzwords you were told were must-haves for computer screening? The trouble with these sections is that a) they are usually unreadable by the very computer programs they’re aimed toward enticing, and b) this is a very transparent ploy. Throwing a bunch of keywords at a recruiter won’t convince them. Thread those keywords through the body of your resume text instead.3. Page 2Except in very specific contexts in very specific careers, a second page is never a good idea. You can probably expect that no one else but you will ever bother reading your second page. Better to edit your brains out, pack the first page full of your greatest hits and most impressive skills and work experience, and save the tree.4. Fancy formattingAgain, unreadable to most employers–especially if you’re uploading to a computer system. Anything that isn’t plain text will be scrapped. That includes text boxes, tables, bulleted lists, swanky fonts, page borders, etc. Save the creativity for the wording of your cover letter, or the interview process. Keep your resume clean, standard, and simple.5. HobbiesIt used to be in vogue to include a section on personal interests and hobbies. Unless you can make a case that these have some impact on your qualifications or work performance, skip this section- usually it ends up on page 2 anyway! Save your personal flourishes for the interview, when such things can really liven the conversation and help you shine.

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

International Business - Essay Example Starbucks currently desired to expand its international operation to obtain 20,000 international stores worldwide in the near future (Annual Report: Starbucks, 2006). A company can obtain market penetration is hot market to expand its customer base or find a developing nation such as China to establish manufacturing operation or importing activities to obtain significant cost savings in materials and supplies needed to lower company expenses. India is a country that high levels of export of professional services in IT services and other administrative work (Country Insight, 2007). The entire country has a business community with a model based on exporting of professional services and a research and development platform that will bring greater innovation and research findings to achiever greater level of international business activity. One of the most powerful organizations that regulate the trade among nations is the World Trade Organization (WTO) which has 151 member countries (Wto , 2007). The world economy turn into an interlocked internation business driven system since the globalization movement started and it was further enhanced with information age, internet age and the current economic era the world is living in the convergence are. Greater communication systems allowed business unity and access to customers worldwide facilitated by high speed internet networks. The biggest players in the international business word are corporation doing business activities in G8 countries. The biggest fastest growing economy which is the epicenter of powerful business industries such as the apparel business in which obtain a 50% market share of the world’s apparel industry is China which is the epicenter for light manufacturing operations worldwide. The currency of a country is the monetary unit that supports the national economy and is utilized for interchanged and completer buyer / seller transaction as well as other financial function such as

The Steps of a Refugee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Steps of a Refugee - Essay Example Leaving was not pleasant for them, but the alternative was something called â€Å"ethnic cleansing.† (Merriam-Webster) This is their story, told a year after they arrived here. I replaced their names with Husband, Wife, Son and Daughter because their ethnicity is irrelevant to the needs and challenges of refugees. Their experience is representative of many refugees who come to the US, no matter where they come from. There are more than 43 million forcibly displaced persons worldwide. (UNHCR) We call them refugees and this is the story of one family. do not remember the point at which I knew we must become refugees. We could hear reports of the killings and knew it was only a matter time before the rebels arrived in our area. After much discussion, we decided that fleeing to the US was the best choice, in spite of the difficulties, because we wanted a better future for Son and Daughter. I knew the war would destroy the country and tens of thousands would flee to [neighboring co untry], overwhelming the resources and saturating the labor market.

BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY (GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK) Research Paper

BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY (GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK) - Research Paper Example The Blue Ridge Parkway is a carefully designed landscape that has been set in a narrow corridor of a protected land estimated to be about 88,000 acres (Whisnant 2). As the name suggests, it is a way through a park with boundaries surrounding the entire landscape designed to present and protect the Pathway. The park is owned and managed by the National Park Service system of the American public and is also the key component of the larger southern Appalachian park complex. The Blue Ridge Parkway is known to be an America’s most favorite drive that spans over 400 miles from Shenandoah Valley in Virginia to the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina (Karen 2). It is the second most visited National Park Services unit and annually welcomes over one million visitors (Reco 2). The park connects Shenandoah National Park in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Cherokee. It I also fed all round by several exits and entrances at all major federal and state highways extending even to towns and communities surrounding the region. Along the Blue Bridge Parkway are major cities like Boone, Asheville, NC, Roanoke, and VA. From its time of construction, the park still evolves through a dynamic increase of relationships in different facets. For instance, there is a continuous change in the landowners, the surrounding communities, and the public (Whisnant 2). Winding its way through 12 Virginia and 17 North California counties, it is characterized by beautiful and uncountable Appalachian landscapes. It is also surrounded by numerous communities with a profound impact on their social, economic, and cultures. The construction of the Pathway was a product of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Great Depression’s New Deal Programs to provide employment to the people to boost the economy of the United States. As the primary

Dog Food Essay Example for Free

Dog Food Essay Dogs are probably the most common and numerous pet in World, and Mexico is not the exception for this rule. The purpose of this work is to analyze the characteristics of the demand for the dog food business in Mexico. This business has shown a CAGR of 3% during the last six years. Dog Food business is divided in three categories based on food type: Dry Dog Food, Wet Dog Food and Treats / Mixers. The most important category is Dry Dog Food with 89% far followed by Wet Dog Food with the 6%. There is another category division based on price: Super Premium, Premium and Standard. In terms of Market players there are 13 competitors in this category: The most important producers are EFFEM with 48% of market share and Nestle with 21%. Regarding brands, the most important are: Pedigree: 33%, Dog Chow 7%, Perfect Fit 5% and Eukanuba with the 5%. DogFood Brand Shares % 2008 DogFoodCompanyShares % 2008 Methodology For the analysis of the dog food market, it was necessary to do a research for the market trends (increase/decrease of dog population, education of the dog owners about benefits of dog food); the view of the dog owners about the dog food and its presentations, prices and quality. As well as the willingness of the dog owners to continue buying the dog food in the changing circumstances of the market (price raising, economic crisis, market substitutes, etc. ). The steps followed to achieve this objective are: 1. Bibliographic investigation of the market size for dog food in the Mexican market, the view of the dog owners, the companies producing dog food, price, substitutes. 2. Comparison of the indicated characteristics through and between years 3. Interpretation of the collected data to observe the market behavior for this particular industry, when faces changes in the dog owner view of the market, crisis or rising of prices. 4. Determination of the challenges faced by the industry. 5. Conclusions. Determinants of Demand: 1. -Price As up year 2008, the demand felt down 21% in comparison to previous year. Among the main reasons for this fall are: The row material cost of producers increased due to the Mexican currency devaluation. This fact â€Å"forced† the manufacturers to transfer the cost increase to the consumers. Since this market is considered an Oligopoly, the demand is elastic to the price changes. In addition, it is easy to find substitutes products; such as: Human food leftovers. The outcome of the described situation pushed the demand down. The â€Å"Mon and Pop† distribution channel leveraged the circumstances and offered the market Dog food in bulk. This strategy allowed them to maintain their sales in spite of the reduced total market. As a result, the producers decided to launch smaller size presentations, which in the long run stopped the sales fall, reducing the sales fall from 21% in 2008, down to only 3% in 2009. . -Marketing Initiatives -Dog owner emotional engagement fuels potential market growth Manufactures realized that the ratio of dog per household was still low, making evidence that there was still a significant growth potential. As a consequence, dog food producers encouraged diverse nonprofit associations to promote emotional engagement to the dog wellness. Dog owners started to care more about: Nutrition, health care and dog pampering. Therefore, the manufacturers found new market niches for new products, such as super premium brands focused on health enhancement or treats to pamper the dog. The current dog owning households ratio in Mexico has grown from 38. 3% in 2004 up to 40. 5% into to 2009. In order to exploit this booming market, different efforts have been done by producers, launching marketing campaigns such as: â€Å"Adopta un perro†. Awareness of Dog Food benefits In addition, manufacturers realized that the ratio of dog food prepared vs. none prepared was too low in Mexico. Therefore, manufacturers began to develop marketing strategies in order to create a higher awareness of dog food benefits. These strategies were mainly implemented through: ) TV advertising campaigns Emotional situations between owner and pet were exploited by producers to encourage pet care i. e. EFFEMS Perfect fit showing a situation suggesting that the dog wants a balance life, such as the owner enjoys. b) Point of Purchase material. Additional exhibition at key seller â€Å"hot spots† were implemented to promote the different products benefits i. e. Hill Pet Nutrition, w hich sells only through veterinary sale points, spread out brochures in the veterinary clinics and pet stores. c) Consumer Promotions Producers decided to increase sales volume in the short term by encourage the consumer through give away attractive items for each product bough i. e. Dog Chow promotion in which a dog bed was gave away when customer purchased a package of four kg and above; in a similar promotion, premium brand Beneful offered a free dog bowl. d) Sponsorships Producers developed different sponsorship programs to increment brand awareness i. e. â€Å"Incredible dog challenge†. e) Product Innovation In order to maintain, and even increase profit margin, producers improved the food formulations and packages. I-e. (Nestle’s effort to re-launch Campeon brand with a different formula using the slogan of â€Å"looking similar to human food†. All these efforts helped to reduce the shortfall of 8 pps showed between 2007 and 2008 down to only 1 pps between 2008 and 2009. Conclusions The market of dog food has changed in last few years, due of the changes in the perception of the pets inside families, mostly in developed countries. Dogs are the most common and numerous pets, and nowadays are treated as another member inside the family. Dog owners pamper their dogs, and care about the nutrition and general wellbeing of their animals. One of the findings about this market is that it has an elastic demand, strongly dependent of the income of the families in Mexico; as income decreases, the demand for dog food decreases as well. Besides, the dog food in Mexican market has one mayor (and almost free) substitute: the human food leftovers. Commonly, the families, mostly the low income ones, feed their dogs with the food they don’t use, or the parts of the meat markets that is not sold for human consumption. Because of that elastic demand, the industry had the need to change the ways producers do business. First, market players need ongoing innovation to adapt themselves to the changing needs of the market, such as: New and smaller size presentations, sales and marketing promotions, effective campaigns of education on how to feeding dogs with specialized and prepared food. These initiatives, along with dog adoption programs were key elements to increase market penetration. Currently, the industry of dog food is facing new challenges as low recovery of world economy, need of new formulation and customized and specialized products (aged dogs, puppies, small breeds, active dogs and sedentary dogs) demand from producers more effective sales promotions to change the mindset of the Mexican consumer about feeding dogs with the â€Å"leftovers†.

Birth of the Calle Ocho Festival :: Little Havana Miami Latin Culture

The Birth of the Calle Ocho Festival In the heart of Miami, Florida, the Calle Ocho Festival is an event open to people of all ethnic backgrounds and age groups. This event dates back to the late seventies. The festival originated in 1977. It was organized by two men, Leslie Pantà ­n Jr. and Willy Bermello, who wanted to start a project with the Miami Herald to bring the community closer together. They decided on a festival while scribbling on the back of a place mat at lunch one day at the Red Coach Inn during the summer of 1977. Pantà ­n and Bermello's goal was to have a street party that would display the Latin-American lifestyle in the city of Miami for non-Spanish speakers. Today, this festival has grown into the largest Hispanic festival held in the United States. Hundreds of thousands of people attend the event for the dancing, eating, and getting to know everyone and everything that is part of Little Havana. The Calle Ocho festival was originally named the Open House Eight, because the two organizers wanted the festival to be an open welcome to southwest Eighth Street. With no credit, Pantà ­n and Bermello ran into a slight problem with their idea. They needed money to start up their plan for the festival. Relying solely on the aid of friends for finance, they managed to raise $37,000 to put on a fifteen block street party. However, Pantà ­n and Bermello still needed coverage for the new festival. Thanks to knocking on many doors, making presentations to advertisers, and receiving television coverage, they received all the publicity they needed. People from all over South Florida came to attend the Calle Ocho festival. The first festival, held in 1978, was a major success. Music, food, dancing, and smiling faces are some of the many attractions you may find at this festival. Performers such as Willy Chirino, Oscar de Leon, El Gran Combo, Celia Cruz, The Barrio Boys, and Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine, among others, have performed during the past twenty years. Salsa, merengue, cumbia, and guaguancà ³ dancers fill the streets of Little Havana every year.

Electronic Voting Machine

International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 A Preview on Microcontroller Based Electronic Voting Machine Diponkar Paul and Sobuj Kumar Ray, Member, IACSIT Abstract—Voting is most pivotal process of democratic society through which people determine it’s government. Governments around the world are increasingly considering the replacement of traditional paper-based voting schemes with electronic voting systems.Elections of Bangladesh are conducted most exclusively using electronic voting machines developed over the past three years. In this paper we describe the design, construction and operation of a digital voting machine using a microcontroller profoundly. Again we also portray counting system of votes, market survey and cost analysis. Index Terms—Voting system, atmega16l microcontroller, voting analysis, security of EVM. I. INTRODUCTION Voting is a crucial device to reveal the opinion of a group on an issue that i s under consideration. Based on the promise of greater e? iency, better scalability, faster speed, lower cost, and more convenience, voting is currently shifting from manual paper-based processing to automate electronic-based processing. The term â€Å"electronic voting† characteristically depicts to the use of some electronic means in voting and ensure the security, reliability, guarantee and transferency[1],[2]. Now a day the wide range of application of voting include its use in reality student body elections, shareholder meetings, and the passing of legislation in parliament. Perhaps the most important, in? ential, publicised, and widespread use of voting is its use in national elections. Compared to its traditional paper-based counterpart, electronic voting is considered to have many greater potential bene? ts. These bene? ts include better accuracy by eliminating the negative factor of human error, better coverage for remote locations, increased speed for tally computat ion, lower operational cost through automated means, and the convenience of voting from any location Whether or not electronic voting is a necessary replacement for the traditional paper-based method, it is irrefutable that the conduct of voting as been shifting to the use of electronic medium. To date, electronic databases are used to record voter information, computers are used to count the votes and produce voting results, mobile devices are used for voting in interactive television shows, and electronic voting machines have been used in some national elections. Generally, the term â€Å"electronic voting† refers to the de? nition, collection, and dissemination of people’s opinions with the help of some machinery that is more or less computer supported. Despite Manuscript received August 15, 2012; revised October 12, 2012.The authors are with the Department Electrical and Electronic Engineering, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (e-mail: [email  pr otected] com, [email  protected] edu. sg) the transition from traditional paper-based systems to electronic medium, the purpose and requirements for voting remain. Voting is a decision making mechanism in a consensus-based society and security is indeed an essential part of voting. The critical role in determining the outcome of an election, electronic voting systems should be designed and developed with the greatest care.However, a number of recent studies have shown that most of the electronic voting systems being used today are fatally defective [3], [4], [5] and that their quality does not match the importance of the task that they are supposed to carry out. Flaws in current voting systems, which were discovered through testing and other analysis techniques, have stimulated a number of research efforts to mitigate the problems in deployed voting systems. These efforts focused on ameliorating security primitives, such as the storage of votes [6], [7] and auditing [8], and on fo rmally assessing and making procedures more effective [9], [10].Finally, the standards that set the functional and performance requirements against which the systems are developed, tested, and operated have often been found to be inadequate [11], [12], [13]. Among the reasons for concern, critics include vague and incomplete security guidelines, insufficient documentation requirements, and inadequate descriptions of the configuration of commercial software. An electronic voting machine has been designed by a microcontroller for which the code is written in assembly language.Various code protection schemes specified by the manufacturer of the microcontroller are used to prevent inadvertent or deliberate reading and reproduction of the code contained in the microcontroller. The election data contained in the EEPROM of the microcontroller can download into a central computer for tabulations. The security of data in this computer is enforced by generating digital signatures for each dat a file created. This process makes it impossible for anyone to substitute wrong or deliberately altered data files at any intermediate stage between the capturing of voter’s intent by the machine and the final results tabulations.Prior to the election, all con? guration data is set up on the counting server. The con? guration is then transferred to the ballot-box server. Con? guration data include: candidate names, polling station identity, and a list of barcodes. During the voting period, voters are authenticated as per the traditional paper-based voting, and asked whether they wish to vote electronically or use the traditional paper-based method. A voter choosing to use the traditional paper-based method proceeds by being given a ballot paper, casting the vote on the ballot paper, and placing the ballot paper in a ballot-box.On the other hand, a barcode is chosen at random and is given to the voter choosing to use eVACS. Voter authorisation on the electronic voting booth co mputer is by 185 DOI: 10. 7763/IJIEE. 2013. V3. 295 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 using the barcode. The electronic voting booth computer communicates the barcode to the ballot-box server for validation and to inform that the voting process is initiating. Upon validation of an invalid barcode, the ballot-box server returns an error message to the voting booth computer.Otherwise, the ballot-box server returns the equivalent of a ballot-paper containing the names of candidates to the voting booth computer. The voter may select the candidates in a particular preference ordering, and restart or complete their selection afterwards. The selection is displayed on the screen forcon? rmation, and the voter is allowed to change or con? rm their selection. The voting booth computer returns a warning given invalid selection or informal vote, however casting invalid or informal vote is allowed. The voter con? ms the selection by using the barcode, and both the vote and a log of key sequence pressed are then communicated to the ballot-box server. The ballot-box server checks that the same barcode is used to initiate the server counts the votes, and produces a voting result. II. HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE Fig. 1. Block diagram of digital voting system Fig 2. Circuit diagram of the digital voting system A. Circuit Description The high level digital voting machine built with ATmega16 Micro controller. The Micro controller port D uses for LCD display and port C. (pin 22) uses for voting power or presiding officers button. The candided button input from Port C. 1 – C. 4 (pin 23 to 26; 4 candided). The output LED and buzzer uses Micro controller port C. 5 and C. 6. The LCD backlight also connected to port C. 7 via a transistor. At the starting of voting the election commission offices setup the machine at the centre. Then power on the switch and sealed it that nobody can power off. The pre siding officer identifies the original voter of that particular area and pushes the voting power button. The voting power LED glow then and continue it until once press the candided buttons.The voter then goes to the secret room where Voting unit placed and press button beside his candided symbol. Voter can watch success of voting by glowing confirmation LED and beep indication. The presiding officer can also hear beep sound watch a confirmation LED. Same time the voting power goes down and nobody can vote again. Mainly when presiding officer press voting power button, Micro controller start scanning from pin 23 to pin 26. When get response from a specific pin, increase the counter one of that candided and stop scanning. So it is not possible to voting twice or more.All the counter result store at Micro controller EEPROM. When the voting is under process it will showed at display â€Å"Voting under Process†. At the end of voting we need to know result. Then election commissio n or presiding officer presses the secret key (password). Now the Micro controller shows the result and supply the power to LCD backlight that it illuminated. If it needs to return voting process again one should press another secret key. There uses a transistor to operate buzzer and confirmation LED with proper current. There also uses a voltage regulator (7805) to supply 5v continuously.Here uses a dry cell 9V battery as power source. The power consumption of the system is very low (50mW150mW varying). After collected data and need erase recorded data from EEPROM just broken the sealed on power button and power off the system. Now the system is ready for next election. This measurement System includes the following components: †¢ Voting Unit †¢ Control Unit †¢ Confirmation Unit †¢ Display Unit (LCD) †¢ Power Supply Unit B. Voting Unit Fig. 3. Output circuit diagram of the digital voting system Fig. 4. Voting 186 International Journal of Information and Ele ctronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013Fig. 5. Confirmation unit In this Voting unit we have been used five button switch and five 2. 2K? resister which connected to the five button switches. C. Buzzer A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices. These devices are output transducers converting electrical energy. As power is applied this mechanical device will energize and by doing so interrupt the power source and the cycle continue until the power is removed. The frequency of oscillation is strictly dependent on mechanical inertia.The piezo buzzer produces sound based on reverse of the piezoelectric effect. The generation of pressure variation or strain by the application of electric potential across a piezoelectric material is the underlying principle. These buzzers can be used alert a user of an event corresponding to a switching action, counter sign al or sensor input. They are also used in alarm circuits. The buzzer produces a same noisy sound irrespective of the voltage variation applied to it. It consists of piezo crystals between two conductors. When a potential is applied across these crystals, they push on one conductor and pull on the other.This, push and pull action, results in a sound wave. Most buzzers produce sound in the range of 2 to 4 kHz. The Red lead is connected to the Input and the Black lead is connected to Ground. D. Light Emitting Diode (LED) A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, 187 mproved robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (in particular brake lamps, turn signals, and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed , while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology.Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances E. Controller Unit A control unit in general is a central part of the machinery that controls its operation, provided that a piece of machinery is complex and organized enough to contain any such unit. One domain in which the term is specifically used is the area of computer design. In this work Microcontroller ATMEGA 16L is used as the controller unit which controls the sensed signal.A single highly integrated chip that contains all the components comprising a controller. Typically this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers. Unlike a general-purpose computer, which also includes all of these components, a microcontroller is designed for a very specific task — to control a particular system. As a result, the parts can be simplified and reduced, which cuts down on production costs. Microcontrollers are sometimes called embedded microcontrollers, which just mean that they are part of an embedded system that is, one part of a larger device or system.F. Power Supply Unit Power supply is a very important part of electronic circuit this circuit required fixed +5 V supply so to fix this voltage we needed voltage regulator. In this work used 7805 Voltage regulator which output fixed +5 volt. A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage of a preset magnitude that remains constant regardless of changes to its input voltage or load conditions. There are two types of voltage regulators: linear and switching. A linear regulator employs an active (BJT or MOSFET) pass device (series or shunt) controlled by a high gain differential amplifier.It compares the output voltage with a precise reference voltage and adjusts the pass device to maintain a constant output voltage. G. Display Unit Display device sho wn the result of the measuring instrument. A observer can see the result and observe the temperature of electrical machine. In this work we used a 2Ãâ€"16 character LCD (LM016L) display. A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. H. Printed Circuit Board A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanicallyInternational Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit boards are used in virtually all but the implest commercially produced electronic devices. PCBs ar e inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher initial cost than either wire wrap or point-to-point construction, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production; the production and soldering of PCBs can be done by automated equipment. Much of the electronics industry's PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC organization. Pin descriptions of ATmaga16L Microcontroller VCC: Digital supply voltage.GND: Ground. Port B (PB7†¦ PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port B also serves th e unction’s of various special features of the ATmega16. Port C (PC7†¦PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5 (TDI), PC3 (TMS) and PC2 (TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of the ATmega16. Port D (PD7†¦ PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Po rt D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16.Port A (PA7†¦ PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.RESET Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. AVCC Fig. 6. Printed circuit board (pcb) of this voting system I. Pin Configurations Discription Fig. 7. Pin configuration of Atmega16L microcontroller[14] AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if 188 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 he ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter. III. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE Flowchart of Program: user. In both of the systems that we analyzed, we found major security vulnerabilities that could compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the voting process. The results of our study suggest that there is a need for a drastic change in the way in which electronic systems are designed, deve loped, and tested.Researchers, practitioners, and policy makers need to define novel testing approaches that take into account the peculiar information flow of these systems, as well as the combination of computer security mechanisms and physical procedures necessary to provide a high level of assurance. Electronic voting software is not immune from security concerned. Here we describe Hack-a-vote, a simplified DRE voting system that we initially developed to demonstrate how easy it might be to insert a Trojan horse into a voting system.In case of a discrepancy, there either must be a row with the fresh random number. But without a mark of the voter or the alignment information on the ballot and on the receipt must differ. The proof consists either of a row containing the fresh random number but no mark without revealing which row this is or the proof consists of the two differing alignment bar codes without showing the mark at all. After the publication of the receipts the situatio n is analogous to the paper based schemes above as the voter possesses a correct receipt as electronic evidence.In addition to using unforgivable receipts with a special paper one can assume a trusted printer containing a chip card this printer could have the chip card and print the signature to the receipt. Having two in dependent ways to proved receipt to be not a forgery is a big advantage. REFERENCES D. Balzarotti, G. Banks, M. Cova, V. Felmetsger, R. A. Kemmerer, W. Robertson, F. Valeur, and G. Vigna, â€Å"An Experience in Testing the Security of Real-World Electronic Voting Systems,† IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 36, no. 4, 2010. [2] A. Villa? orita and K. Weldemariam, and R. Tiella, â€Å"Development, Formal Veri? ation, and Evaluation of an E-Voting System with VVPAT,† IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 4, no. 4, 2009. [3] Y. D. Wagner, M. Bishop, T. Baker, B. D. Medeiros, G. Tyson, M. Shamos, and M. Burmester, â₠¬Å"Software Review and Security Analysis of the ES I Votronic 8. 0. 1. 2 Voting Machine Firmware,† Technical report, Security and Assurance in Information Technology Laboratory, 2007. [4] T. Kohno, A. Stubblefield, A. Rubin, and D. Wallach, â€Å"Analysis of an Electronic Voting System,† in Proc. of IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy, pp. 27-40, 2004. [5] E. Proebstel, S. Riddle, F. Hsu, J.Cummins, F. Oakley, T. Stanionis, and M. Bishop, â€Å"An Analysis of the Hart Intercivic DAU eSlate,† in Proc. of Usenix/Accurate Electronic Voting Technology Workshop, 2007. [6] D. Molnar, T. Kohno, N. Sastry, and D. Wagner, â€Å"Tamper-Evident, History Independent, Subliminal-Free Data Structures on PROM Storage-or-How to Store Ballots on a Voting Machine (Extended Abstract),† in Proc. of IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy, pp. 365-370, 2006. [7] J. Bethencourt, D. Boneh, and B. Waters, â€Å"Cryptographic Methods for Storing Ballots on a Voting Machine,† in Proc. o f Network and Distributed System Security Symp, 2007. 8] S. Garera and A. Rubin, â€Å"An Independent Audit Framework for Software Dependent Voting Systems,† in Proc. of ACM conf. Computer and Comm. Security, pp. 256-265, 2007. [9] J. Hall, â€Å"Improving the Security, Transparency and Efficiency of California’s 1 Percent Manual Tally Procedures,† in Proc. of Usenix/ Accurate Electronic Voting Technology Workshop, 2008. [10] K. Weldemariam and A. Villafiorita, â€Å"Modeling and Analysis of Procedural Security in (e) Voting: The Trentino’s Approach and Experiences,† in Proc. of Usenix/Accurate Electronic Voting Technology Workshop, 2008. [11] R.Hite, â€Å"All Levels of Government are needed to Address Electronic Voting System Challenges,† Technical report, GAO, 2007. [1] Fig. 8. Flowchart of program IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS This work contributed to three very basic research questions arising: in the context of verifiable elections. First, we discussed the problem of keeping ballot secrecy to a certain extent in the case of a corrupted doting machine or voting authority. Our contribution to this is an approach where all secret information is encapsulated in the voting machine. Second, we considered the attack of receipt stealing and manipulation of the corresponding votes.Here we proposed a novel approach of linking all receipts by a hash chain such that each single receipt guards the integrity of all receipts issued previously. Together with a display in the polling place this approach shortens the time window in which an adversary can perform the ballot stealing attack without almost zero risk. Third, we discussed in detail the possibility of contesting an election based on the evidence provided by the verifiable election scheme. We compared the situation for Bingo Voting to the evidence provided by paper based schemes.We shortly sketched an approach to prove an error or a manipulation in the voting booth without vi olating ballot secrecy. However, this was only a proof of concept and for a practical application the usability of this approach needs to be further improved. V. CONCLUSION As part of these exercises, we devised a testing methodology, developed new tools that are specifically tailored to the security analysis of these systems, and learned a number of lessons, all of which should be of use to other 189 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 [12] M. Gondree, P. Wheeler, and D. D.Figueiredo, â€Å"A Critique of the 2002 FEC VSPT E-Voting Standards,† Technical report, Univ. of California, 2005. [13] R. Mercuri. Voting System Guidelines Comments. [Online]. Available: http:// www. wheresthepaper. org/VVSGComment. pdf, 2005. [Online]. Available: [14] Atmel. http://www. atmel. com/Images/doc2466. pdf Mr. Diponkar Paul is currently working as Assistant Professor in the department of Electrical and Electronic engineering at World Uni versity of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (www. wub. edu. bd ). After passing his master degree from March 2008 he was serving as Assistant Professor, EEE at Bangladesh University upto July 2010.He is having qualifications: B. Sc. Engg. , DISM (software engineering), M. Sc. Engg. His research interests are in the area of energy conversions, power system modeling and advanced control theories covering the application of IT. From 0ct 2004 to July 2006, he was working as Lecturer in department of computer science and engineering at Pundra University of science & technology, Bogra. In Singapore during his master dgree at Nanyang technological university, he was involved in financial service operation integrated to IT system administration jobs from Dec 2006 to February 2008.Mr. Sobuj Kumar Ray was born in 1987, Bogra, Bangladesh. Mr. Ray received his Bachelor degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi, Bangl adesh in April 2010. He is now Assistant Manager (Technical) in DESCO. Mr. Ray worked at Internal University of Business Agriculture and Technology in the department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh (www. iubat. edu) from 12th July 2010 to 1st October, 2012. He is enthusiastic on researcher on control system and Power System. 190 Electronic Voting Machine Project Outline In general the EVM consists of two units that can be inter linked. A ballot unit, which a voter uses to exercise his vote. And the other, a control unit used by the polling officials. But the EVM prepared by us is totally automated. MCU is acting as the Polling Officer in this EVM. Ballot Unit It consists of a 16Ãâ€"2 LCD and IR LEDs. LCD displays the name of the post and candidate for which voting is going on IR LEDs are used as touch switches. For anything which you have to select, put your figure just above the option where it is being displayed on the LCD. Control UnitIt consists of a MCU and a 7 keys keypad. MCU stores the program, run it and also stores the data given by voters. We have made keypad, which can be used to input the name of Posts and the Candidates. By using this we will not have to program the machine each time before any election. One can enter the name of posts and candidates just before the election. This can also prevent programming the EVM t o favour any particular candidate. 1. 1 The Electronic Voting Mach ine – An Electronic Marvel. Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) retains all the characteristics of voting by ballot papers, while making polling a lot more expedient.Being fast and absolutely reliable, the EVM saves considerable time, money and manpower. And, of course, helps maintain total voting secrecy without the use of ballot papers. The EVM is 100 per cent tamper proof. And, at the end of the polling, just press a button and there you have the results. 1. 2Description: Electronic voting machine has now days become an effective tool for voting. It ensures flawless voting and thus has become more widespread. It ensures people about their vote being secured. It avoids any kind of malpractice and invalid votes.Also such kind of system becomes more economical as consequent expenditure incurred on manpower is saved. It is also convenient on the part of voter, as he has to just press one key whichever belongsto his candidates. Voting machinesare the total combination ofmechanical,electromechanical, or electronic equipment (includingsoftware,firmware, and documentation required to program control, and supportequipment), that is used to define ballots; to cast and count votes; to report or display election results; and to maintain and produce any audit trail information.The first voting machines were mechanical but it is increasingly more common to use electronic voting machines. A voting system includes the practices and associated documentation used to identify system components and versions of such components; to test the system during its development and maintenance; to maintain records of system errors or defects; to determine specific changes made after initial certification; and to make available any materials to the voter (such as notices, instructions, forms, or paper ballots).Traditionally, a voting machine has been defined by the mechanism the system uses to cast votes and further ca tegorized by the location where the system tabulates the votes. Voting machines have different levels of usability, security,efficiency and accuracy. Certain systems may be more or less accessible to all voters, or not accessible to those voters with certain types of disabilities. They can also have an effect on the public's ability to oversee elections. SUMMARY Electronic voting machine has now replaced the traditional mechanism of voting due to several advantages like security, automatic counting etc.This project presents a way to develop an electronic voting machine which displays the count of votes on a 16Ãâ€"2 LCD interface. A user can get his/her vote register through a set of switches (one for each candidate). After every cast of vote, the subsequent count can be seen on LCD. The circuit uses AT89C51 microcontroller and the code for the project has been written in C. DESCRIPTION This LCD based electronic voting machine is designed for four candidates. The input part consists of a set of six tactile switches. The switches and 16Ãâ€"2 LCD are interfaced to microcontroller AT89C51 for various operations and displays.The provision of casting votes for the candidates has been provided through four of these switches. These switches are made active high and connected to pins 2-5 (P1^1 – P1^4) of the controller. The remaining two switches (both active low) are to start and stop the voting procedure. They are connected to pins 1 and 6 (P1^0 and P1^5) respectively. The Init (start) switch initializes the voting system when pressed, while the Stop switch ends the voting and displays the poll results on LCD screen. For more details on working with LCD, refer LCD interfacing with 8051.The data pins of the LCD (pins 7-14) are connected to the output port P2 of the microcontroller. The control pins (RS, R/W and EN) are connected to port P3 pins P3^0, P3^1 ; P3^6 respectively. Working: The voting is started by pressing the Init switch after which the user is p rompted to vote. The count of votes is stored in four different variables. As soon as the user votes for a candidate by pressing one of the switches, the value of the corresponding variable is increased by one. After this a Thank you message is displayed on LCD to acknowledge the registration of user’s vote.The message stays on the screen until the next user either presses the Init button to cast another vote or Stop switch is pressed get the poll results. When the stop button is pressed, the names of the candidates are displayed along with their vote counts. After some delay, the result is displayed which could be either declaration of the winner candidate or the candidates with a clash of their number of votes. PRESET | | A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying resistance in a circuit.The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The adjustment can be done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The res istance does not vary linearly but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic manner. Such variable resistors are commonly used for adjusting sensitivity along with a sensor. The variable resistance is obtained across the single terminal at front and one of the two other terminals. The two legs at back offer fixed resistance which is divided by the front leg. So whenever only the back terminals are used, a preset acts as a fixed resistor.Presets are specified by their fixed value resistance. | | AT89C51 MCAT89C51 is an 8-bit microcontroller and belongs to Atmel's 8051 family. ATMEL 89C51 has 4KB of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes of RAM. It can be erased and program to a maximum of 1000 times. In 40 pin AT89C51, there are four ports designated as P1, P2, P3 and P0. All these ports are 8-bit bi-directional ports, i. e. , they can be used as both input and output ports. Except P0 which needs external pull-ups, rest of the ports have internal pul l-ups.When 1s are written to these port pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. These ports are also bit addressable and so their bits can also be accessed individually. Port P0 and P2 are also used to provide low byte and high byte addresses, respectively, when connected to an external memory. Port 3 has multiplexed pins for special functions like serial communication, hardware interrupts, timer inputs and read/write operation from external memory. AT89C51 has an inbuilt UART for serial communication.It can be programmed to operate at different baud rates. Including two timers & hardware interrupts, it has a total of six interrupts. Pin Diagram:  Pin Description:     Pin No|   Function|   Name| 1| 8 bit input/output port (P1) pins| P1. 0| 2| | P1. 1| 3| | P1. 2| 4| | P1. 3| 5| | P1. 4| 6| | P1. 5| 7| | P1. 6| 8| | P1. 7| 9| Reset pin; Active high| Reset| 10| Input (receiver) for serial communication| RxD| 8 bit input/output port (P3) pins| P3. 0| 11| Output (transmitter) for serial communication| TxD| | P3. 1| 12| External interrupt 1| Int0| | P3. 2| 3| External interrupt 2| Int1| | P3. 3| 14| Timer1 external input| T0| | P3. 4| 15| Timer2 external input| T1| | P3. 5| 16| Write to external data memory| Write| | P3. 6| 17| Read from external data memory| Read| | P3. 7| 18| Quartz crystal oscillator (up to 24 MHz)| Crystal 2| 19| | Crystal 1| 20| Ground (0V)| Ground| 21| 8 bit input/output port (P2) pins/High-order address bits when interfacing with external memory  |   P2. 0/ A8| 22| |   P2. 1/ A9| 23| |   P2. 2/ A10| 24| |   P2. 3/ A11| 25| |   P2. 4/ A12| 26| |   P2. 5/ A13| 27| |   P2. 6/ A14| 28| |   P2. 7/ A15| 9| Program store enable;  Read from external program memory| PSEN| 30| Address Latch Enable | ALE| | Program pulse input during Flash programming| Prog| 31| External Access Enable;   Vcc for internal program executions| EA| | Programming enable voltage; 12V (during Flash program ming)| Vpp| 32| 8 bit input/output port (P0) pins  Low-order address bits when interfacing with external memory  |   P0. 7/ AD7| 33| |   P0. 6/ AD6| 34| |   P0. 5/ AD5| 35| |   P0. 4/ AD4| 36| |   P0. 3/ AD3| 37| |   P0. 2/ AD2| 38| |   P0. 1/ AD1| 39| |   P0. 0/ AD0| 40| Supply voltage; 5V (up to 6. V)| Vcc| | | LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16Ãâ€"2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on. A 16Ãâ€"2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines.In this LCD each character is displayed in 5Ãâ€"7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command an d Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.Pin Diagram:  Pin Description:     Pin No|   Function|   Name| 1| Ground (0V)| Ground| 2| Supply voltage; 5V (4. 7V – 5. 3V)|   Vcc| 3| Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor|   VEE| 4| Selects command register when low; and data register when high| Register Select| 5| Low to write to the register; High to read from the register| Read/write| 6| Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given| Enable| 7| 8-bit data pins| DB0| 8| | DB1| 9| | DB2| 10| | DB3| 11| | DB4| 12| | DB5| 13| | DB6| 14| | DB7| 15| Backlight VCC (5V) | Led+| 6| Backlight Ground (0V)| Led-| | | APPLICATIONS & ADVANTAGES Fast track voting which could be used in small scale elections, like resident welfare association, panchayat level election and other society level elections. It could also be used to conduct opinion polls during annual share holders meeting. It could also be used to conduct general assembly elections where number of candidates are less than or equal to eight in the current situation. It could be used at places where there is no electricity as the thing is operational with the help of a simple 5 volt battery.It could well become a fine example of using environment friendly resources as there is no need for having lakhs of ballot papers as was used in older system of voting. It involves very less time for a voter to actually cast its vote unlike conventional method where it becomes very cumbersome to handle ballot papers. It is more fast and reliable. FUTURE SCOPE Number of candidates could be increased by using ot her microcontroller or an 8255 IC. It could be interfaced with printer to get the hard copy of the result almost instantly from the machine itself.It could also be interfaced with the personal computer and result could be stored in the central server and its backup could be taken on the other backend servers. Again, once the result is on the server it could be relayed on the network to various offices of the election conducting authority. Thus our project could make the result available any corner of the world in a matter of seconds In days of using nonpolluting and environment friendly resources of energy,it could pose a very good example.REFRENCES AND BIBLOGRAPHY 1. Muhammad Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. Mckinlay. Second edition, THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM 2. K. J. Ayala. Third edition, The 8051 MICROCONTROLLER 3. Millman & Halkias. INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS. 4. http://www. wikipedia. com 5. http://www. 8051microcontrollerprojects. com 6. www. datas heet4u. com 7. www. rickeya„? sworld. com Reference: http://seminarprojects. com/Thread-electronic-voting-machine-project-full-report#ixzz2RD8Xd1cO