Plight of U.S. Farmers and Workers

The structure and style of politics in the late nineteenth century were evolving based on what party held power in our government. Social, religious, ethnic and regional factors determined party ties but third parties were emerging. Consider the conditions In America on the eve of the 20th Century.Write a minimum of two paragraphs for the following discussion prompt: What problems did U. S. Farmers and workers face In the sass and how did they try to solve them? The prices of the crops were falling and were at an low and there wasn't end in sight due to things as of the weather and other death rising factors like materials being over produced in the North and the East while the West and the South struggled. Goldfield, 2014) This added so much hardship for so many farmers that most could not afford to pay for the cost for using the railroad to ship their goods and as crops failed, It made It Impossible for the farmers to pay off their debts and many farmers lost their farms, lands, cr ops and all other sources of income forcing many onto sharecropping, (Goldfield, 2014) This led a need for change and people started looking for other options.They pleaded for help from the Government, but showing that they cared little to none and by doing nothing to help the people left planning and coming up with their own solution, â€Å"Farmers Alliance† (Goldfield, 2014) This was a big playoff with so much against such Like many to most people were still separated by race and neither could grow past the pettiness to try to think of even helping each there with such preformed alliance and even with such like economic and political reform smoothly for most more deeper separation based on race.Made this a long sighted has black farmers, including the leaders that were colored and section of the Farmers Alliance were killed an of the Farmers Alliance that came followed by depression and it was one out for themselves. The Government had no control with more violence that rul ed the people and the streets. The railroad had over expended, hundreds of banks closed, along with thousands of businesses. (Goldfield, 2014) Since o much money stopped flowing at one time there was no way for the economy to come back to life.In order for the depression to end, the people needed jobs and they needed farms that could support the Nation. They had to have banks that could provide lines of credit to get the Nation Jump started. With the fall of the economy In other Nations only added to our turmoil and they cost too much to use as export markets. Which Is reason exporting trade system came right with or after. References Goldfield, D. , Abbot, C. Anderson, V. Reselling,J. Argentines, P, Barney (2014).

Fredric Jameson – Postmodernism

It gives examples of different artists like; Andy Warhol, John Cage, Phil Glass and Terry Tillie who started off in an expressionist format than went off to add some â€Å"punk and new wave rock into the rapidly evolving French nouveau roman fashions. † (Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) With the visible and detailed architecture that emerged from postmodernism to ether implacable â€Å"so called international style† (Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) of Frank Lloyd Wright works.From the simplicity, fabrics, contexts and surroundings he had analyzers, analyze how profound his work was with a term â€Å"Master† (Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) with identifying its characteristics. The ending just brings forth the beginning of the chapter and talks about the relationship the public have with their historical knowledge. How one can cater to the arts in a very profound way with â€Å"emotion ground tones. (Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) While others Just reflect on the artwork in a political stances and vase it off a â€Å"multinational capital,† (Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) which creates more space for new works to make money in a sense. Work Citied 1. Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, I Frederic Jameson – Postmodernism By Anises-Peters

Dramatic effects to in Act 1, Scene 1 and Act 3, Scene 1 of “Romeo and Juliet” Essay

How does Shakespeare use language and dramatic effects to in Act 1, Scene 1 and Act 3, Scene 1 of Montague family. Later in Act One Scene Five he authenticates that all that is ever on his mind is war as when he sees Romeo at the Capulet party (Romeo being a Montague and therefore not wanted), instead of letting it pass as a party in Elizabethan times and today is no place for fighting, he asks Capulet for permission to fight him there and then – â€Å"Uncle, this is a Montague, our foe; a villain, that is hither come in spite to scorn at our solemnity this night.† This quote demonstrates Tybalt’s willingness to vehemently insult others and the â€Å"s† sounds he uses suggests he is almost hissing his hatred. Throughout the play Tybalt is extremely one-dimensional when it comes to language; when he speaks it as always at a dramatic or leading up to a dramatic point in the play. Maybe due to the similar circumstances that he speaks in or the fact that he is a warrior and no poet he repeatedly speaks in blank verse (or prose) Romeo is an archetypal lover, who despite his good intentions is still forced into fighting. He is the one male character in the entire to play that is willing to forsake his family name for love; this portrays him as an outsider to typical Veronian behaviour. This is strongly proclaimed by Shakespeare in Act One Scene One after a brawl between the two families in the streets – â€Å"What fray was here? Yet tell me not for I have heard it all!†-Demonstrating Romeo’s mood as someone who is detached from the fighting as he dares to be. Although Shakespeare substantially promotes non-belligerence throughout the play using the character Benvolio, he does not agree with the way Romeo attempts to break up the fight between Tybalt and Mercutio (â€Å"I thought all for the best†) – perhaps he is conveying to us that interference is bad. This is well shown in the Franco Zeffirelli (1968) film of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† as the fight is made out to be g entlemanly and playful, it is shown to be Romeo’s fault Mercutio dies. Romeo’s extensive language adds to the atmosphere of the play and gave the highly trained ear of an Elizabethan play watcher an insight into what was going to happen. Whilst Romeo is not in a scene that is displaying any particular passion for love or war he speaks in blank verse, whilst when he is with Juliet he switches to sonnet (or rhyming verse) form – this was  considered very romantic in this period of history, finally when Romeo challenges Tybalt he seeps into more colloquial, cruel pros to demonstrate his anger. What is most noticeable about the language Romeo uses is actually that it seems always to be tainted, this is due to the constraint oxymorons he uses – â€Å"Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health.† This bolsters the contrast Shakespeare creates, the way that the play is constantly switching between violent or death or love scenes. The character of Romeo is all about contrast – one second he is the loving husband of Juliet, the other he is the bloodthirsty killer of Tybalt. From the beginning to the end of the play, Shakespeare exploits this contrast. In the prologue, the audience is told that the â€Å"lovers take their life†. Love is tainted with death. At the end, by using Romeo and Juliet as a sacrifice, ending the ancient grudge, we continue to experience mixed emotions because of this contrast. Although death claims two innocent lives, love is ultimately triumphant. Tybalt’s opposite is Benvolio. Unlike Tybalt, war is the last thing he thinks about, instead he feels that there is much more to life than fighting and in reconciliation of this he will always try to break up fights, this is shown in the Act One Scene One when he attempts to break up the fight that Sampson and Gregory have created by shouting â€Å"Part, fools! Put up your swords; you know not what you do.† Benvolio’s underlying judiciousness is shown by the use of the word â€Å"fools†; proving that he considers Samson and Gregory to be imbeciles for fighting. Not only does Benvolio try to break up fights, he also is willing to give council to his friends – the particular case shown in the play is when he confides with Romeo about Rosalin – â€Å"What sadness lengthens Romeo’s hours?† Shakespeare uses him as a dramatic device, for example he always truthfully reports fights, does not get killed and has an active participation s o could possibly be viewed as a role model. Also, interestingly enough in Act Three Scene One he does not get involved in the fighting even when Mercutio is killed; this is another of Shakespeare’s more pacifistic of opinions saying that you should not even fight if it is to bring someone to justice. Amid the highs and lows of the play Benvolio only employs two different styles of language, he uses prose or blank verse when he is speaking in a time of peace e.g. when counselling Romeo, and merges  into a rhymed verse when his adrenalin is at is peak – like when he is breaking up a fight. The rhymed verse shows his high principles and how he understands the responsibilities of being a noble. Although Tybalt, Romeo and Benvolio are undoubtedly the dominant male characters, males such as Mercutio, Sampson and Gregory succeed in making important points concerning the main theme of the play, masculinity. Sampson and Gregory spearhead the first scene with a crude, slanderous conversation that ultimately leads to a brawl in the tight streets of Verona. Shakespeare moulds them into a tool for expressing loutish – therefore not truly manly behaviour. They also play an important part in starting the fight, which captures the audiences’ attention in the beginning of the play. These louts are more interested in showing off to each other than helping to maintain a stable society, they do this by making bold comments concerning sex and fighting – it makes their already oversized ego swell with feelings of machismo. The language they use reinforces this behaviour – â€Å"I will push Montague’s men from the wall and thrust his maids to the wall.† The verbs â€Å"push† and â€Å"thrust† are very violent adding to Gregory’s and Sampson’s characters. Overall Sampson and Gregory set the initial tone of the play, they show the audience the relevance to masculinity in it, that the play will have a varied temperament and to expect wordplay – especially with characters such as Mercutio to come. Concerning wordplay, Mercutio uses it extensively; even when he is on the brink of death he jokes – â€Å"Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man.† Mercutio does this to conserve his manliness; in modern day terms it is comparable to a rugby player being injured seriously and asking to continue playing. However, after his witty fusillade of comic comments it is revealed to his friend that he is in fact in terrible pain as in his last breaths he shouts out â€Å"A plague a ‘both your houses,† He repeats this three times for added effect. This curse was one of incredible seriousness at the time, as in the 16th century England had been devastated by plagues several times. With this, Mercutio the joker ends his life on a malicious tone; this reinforces the idea that the feud is to blame for his death. Shakespeare creates the play’s atmosphere using several dramatic effects, a very important one is the terminology used for swords especially during the first seen. Sampson and Gregory refer to their weapons with sexual connotations, for example the terms â€Å"fiddling stick† and â€Å"naked weapon† are both used, these props swell the testosterone filled nature of the young duelling males. This effect is essential as in the 16th century a swordsman of Tybalt’s calibre was admired; this is demonstrated when the placid Benvolio describes Tybalt as â€Å"stout†. Shakespeare makes a key point concerning masculinity in Act Three Scene One when the prince denounces Romeo’s masculine, but not law-abiding action when he kills Tybalt to avenge Mercutio in order to protect the citizens of Verona. Shakespeare makes the prince do this to express that people should do what is in the community’s interests rather than allowing deaths to slip past their gaze. The prince puts down this manly action by exiling Romeo thus pleasing both houses and keeping peace – â€Å"Romeo slew him; he slew Tybalt, and for that offence we do exile him hence.† This corresponds directly towards Elizabethan England as due to numerous noble duels, many high up people were getting killed so duals began to be clamped down on more thoroughly. Yet another way in which Shakespeare adds to the feel of tension in the play -as well as giving the audience an additional awareness of the social context is by the setting. Shakespeare sets the play in the swelteringly hot and extraordinarily cramped city of Verona; this style of city was typical of the Elizabethan period adding to the play a more realistic feel. A good example of this being shown is when Romeo asks the way to the house of Capulet and the servant replies â€Å"up.† – this is an obvious referral to the architectural style of the Elizabethan period. In addition the combination of heat and little space may have irritated the characters – adding to their aggression. Later on in act  three Benvolio sums this up by saying â€Å"The day is hot, the capels are aboard, And if we meet we shall not escape a brawl, For now, these hot days, is the mad blood stirring.† Shakespeare creates a testosterone driven world that reflects the aggressive and competitive attitudes of males in Renaissance Europe. The contrasting characters suggest different male attributes; some being kind and trustworthy, whilst others are nasty and cruel. This explosive structure creates tension; at any moment passion and anger could erupt – throwing society into disarray. Perhaps Shakespeare s suggesting men need to control their desire to fight and should be open, friendly and compassionate.

Can international organisations be effective in moderating Essay

Can international organisations be effective in moderating international insecurity - Essay Example By pool their resources, nations easily reach for their set goals. A good example is a nation with raw materials but has no sufficient machinery and/or man power to process. As the saying goes, necessity is the mother of invention nations has realized the immense need to form organizations which will be enhance security and promote good relations among nations. This in return will create a friendly environment  activity that can be carried out in ease. Different forums have been created to discuss a variety of issues such as transportation, peace keeping, human rights and businesses among many others (Babione, 2007). Security concerns all over the world are high on the political agenda. This is as a result of the widespread perception that current security situation is continuously threatened by malicious acts, which are in most cases, intentional and a good example is terrorism attacks. Measures to improve and maintain security are he in place .major Events such as the 9/11 attack s triggered strong actions to improve security all over the world. As a result, security must be ensured in the transport sector since many vehicles and transport facilities are the main targets for terrorists due to concentration of potential victims. In addition, transport in one way or the other can acts as a conveyor for attacks by terrorists. This are evidenced from the reported cases in which weapons are moved into ports or airplanes are turned into weapons as in the 9/11 case. The greatest challenges are protecting the potential targets and maintaining smooth operations in the transportation sector. The cost of damage from a potential damage from terrorism cause substantial loss to the economic set up. On the other hand, the cost of improved security is equally high. Careful appraisal policy, therefore, makes sure that scarce resources are put into good use. However, cost-benefit analysis is difficult to handle while dealing with security issues because of the uncertain natur e involved. We can hardly determine the probability of attacks by terrorists on any of the means of transportation. Terrorism can thus be hindered by cooperation of states and continents. A good example is the International Transport Forum which is an inter-governmental organization within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) group. It is an outstanding global platform for all concerned transport makers and stakeholders. Its main aim is to serve political leaders and the public at large to develop a better understanding the role transport takes in social and economic aspects. They are, thus, very effective in moderating international security. International courts include International Criminal Court among others. They are created with the aim of promoting peace by way of solving international matters, which mainly result from conflict of interest. In 1993 and 1994, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the International Criminal Tribu nal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) were established to try and apprehend individuals suspected of committing crimes against humanity including genocide. Since the end of World War 2, the 1990s witnessed the greatest advancement of international humanitarian law. The successes and failures

Transparency in public procurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Transparency in public procurement - Essay Example It is because of these lack of transparency in public procurement that corruption has acquired its definition in that it is defined as the use of public office for public gain, where this lack of transparency does not only contribute to the definition as there have been corruption cases in the private sector, as well. As such, the definition of corruption in public procurement has been perceived and surveyed by different agencies to look into the impacts. Transparency International states that bribery is the most common form of corruption emanating from multinational companies that then provide bribe money from the world’s richest nations in an attempt to clinch contracts meant for public procurement. ... This way, Tabish says that the bribe money that rich corporations pay to receive contracts are usually then factored in the total cost of the contract, which she perceives to mean that the contract or the entire project will cost more than the earlier mentioned price of service and product procurement. She continues to state that the consequence of the lack of transparency is usually more than the bribe received by corrupt individuals seeking to benefit themselves as it all trickles down to the same person that received the bribe. This way, Tabish continues to highlight the price of lack of transparency and how it comes into being discarded by mentioning that cultural norms, ethics and accountability contribute greatly towards transparency or lack of it public procurement.3 As such, it is said that corruption or beach of transparency can be achieved or carried out at any stage in a procurement process meaning that there is not a single phase or project that is safe from corruption. S tudies further indicate that lack of transparency was directly related to systems of functions that involve corruption and the ability to look into projects that have both quality and quantity at high levels.4 This was because, transparency to Tabish, is a clear and concise means to achieve a project free of irregularities at all phases, and even exempt it from manifestation. A special report on E-governance portrays a number of practices, as being the best in ensuring transparency in procurement, where turning all systems to digital and internet based is the way to go. The report quotes Korea as an example of promoting transparency in procurement, where certain conditions must be met prior to a contract award to a company in all of its qualifications or lack of them

New Worlds for All History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New Worlds for All History - Essay Example In New Worlds for All, Colin Calloway simply referred to â€Å"new worlds† to describe the kind of culture that both Indians and Europeans developed while invasion was ongoing, changing both the invaders and the ones being invaded (â€Å"New Worlds for All† xiii). The effort of Europeans to embark on the creation of a new world was fueled by the failure of Europeans to accept the fact that the Indian population in America already set up a society even before they did. Many Europeans were not open to conform to the culture that was already there; instead, they wanted to shape it in such a way that was parallel to their culture in their homeland. Thus, the voyage towards creating a hybrid society caused Europeans and Indians to consistently have conflicts in lifestyle, workmanship, religion and etc. that resulted in wars and much bloodshed. This â€Å"New World† was created in the activity of Indians and Europeans constantly trying to prove their respective rights to settle in America and to exercise their unique cultures. In the onset of doing so, there are positive and negative implications to both cultures. One of the positive effects would be the fact that Indians were able to gain access to new tools and technology such as guns and goods which were brought by the Europeans. This helped them improve their way of life, e.g. in hunting, building, and gathering food. On the other hand, some of the negative effects would be the diseases brought about by the Europeans, which at that time, Indians and Europeans did not know the cure for, thus resulting in many deaths. Also, Europeans’ inexperience in survival and expedition led them to using up the land resources, resulting in its wastage. â€Å"Religious zeal, land hunger, and cultural preconceptions also turned American into a new and often nightmarish world for Indian peoples† (Calloway 6). â€Å"Political and diplomatic decisions rested more and more in European hands† (Calloway 115). Because of this inevitable contact between the Indians and Europeans, the New World was built. Although the activities and events of the birth of the â€Å"New World† were not anything new compared to the events in the old world, what makes it distinct was the fact that the cultures involved in the creation of it were at first defined by resistance to change, adaptation, and isolation. This is characterized by the English immigrants continuously imposing their culture on Indian people living there. However, this conglomeration of cultural activities, which was mainly seen to cause further clash of cultures, actually transformed Europeans to acquire some Indian culture in the process of conquering and confronting them (Calloway 3). These â€Å"new worlds† created had a strong influence on the development of social, economic, and political life in North America. After some time of interaction, European settlers did not notice that soon they â€Å"dressed , ate, hunted, grew corn, behaved, and even looked like Indians† as what travelers of the 18th century observed about them after they have lived with Indian culture (Calloway 4). Also, since these Europeans started to think like Indians, they started speaking their native language and intermarrying between cultures was rampant. Because of this, we can see that children born from intermarriage of these two cultures were reared with Indian customs. Both started to succumb to the other culture where Indians started to drink tea while Europeans started

New Business Project by Volkswagen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

New Business Project by Volkswagen - Essay Example As the company announced the recall of nearly 9 million cars, it was estimated that an amount of â‚ ¬ 6.5 billion was required to come up with the costs of the scandal. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the company to come up with a new business project with the changed framework to regain its brand value and market share in the car industry. As the company’s stocks which reflected the market concerns significantly fell down, it became the toughest challenge for the company to bring back their position and win the loyalty of the consumers. 2.1 Force Field Analysis of Volkswagen When Volkswagen was planning for a business change in order to gain back its hard-earned reputation, it is necessary to analyze the major factors forces which will support and hinder such change. In this context, Force Field Analysis is an important decision-making tool that can assist it in making the decision for a change within the business. Such an analysis will serve the purposes of i) deci ding whether to undertake the change after evaluating the factors; ii) of increasing the chance of success of the change by weakening the forces against the change and by strengthening those in support of the change. The new business project or the proposed change by Volkswagen is the brand enhancement. After involvement in the major emissions scandal, what suffered most is the brand appreciation of the company and its perception to the ones who are related to its product i.e. the consumers, suppliers, dealers, employees and the shareholders.

Answering two questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answering two questions - Essay Example Secondly, in arbitration, the arbitrator is given the power to make a decision whereas in mediation both parties are given authority to control the outcome of the agreement. Thirdly, arbitration requires extensive information for accurate judgment by the arbitrator whereas mediation exchange of information is always voluntary. Lastly, arbitration is always a formal process whereas mediation is an informal process. The two are however similar because they both aim at solving a conflict or dispute between parties involved. In the garner situation, the legal issue was the excessive use of police force during his seizure although this was not the case because under NYPD rules the officer’s action was allowed. In my opinion, it is false to say that the officers involved were objectively unreasonable to the victim leading to his death after being forced to place his head on the pavement in spite of saying that he could breathe well. The rule of law stated that the officer involved was only to be indicted if found out that he had malice or intent to hurt Garner. In sum his death was judged to be as result of intervening medical conditions. The legal issue here is resisting arrest and unlawful possession of marijuana leading to death of the victim. In the Radio Rahim situation, excessive use of police officers was not necessary because the victim in question was walking on a sidewalk. The law allowed a certain amount of force to be used and not excessive force to be used when arresting unarmed victim who posed no danger to the officer. In my opinion, it would have prudent enough fore the police officer to approach the victim and ID him before taking any action against like use of excessive force on him. Moreover, using excessive force on an unarmed civilian totally shows how clouded the police officers mind are in making judgments as there are several

U.S government control Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

U.S government control - Assignment Example tailed, and US government should have both prior warrant and probable cause before it can track any individual location by employing tracking devises (Goodlatte). Both the Fifth Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment stipulate that no individual shall be divested of liberty, life or assets without due process of law. However, there are initiatives through the National Defense Authorization Act, 2012 to authorize the US military with the US President’s authorization to arrest any American citizens indefinitely without any due process on American soil. According to me, though it may help the government in its fight against terrorism, the authorization from any court for such action could help to minimize its abuse (Goodlatte). In Kelo v.New London, it was held by US Supreme court that eminent domain could be employed for attaching of any property owned by individual for economic development objectives. Due to this decision, many US state governments started to employ the power grabs to snatch away the private property from one individual and give it to another. According to me, this is against the Fifth Amendment and there should be initiatives to stop the abuses, the states and their local eminent domain power

The theory of natural selection has been applied to human culture in Essay

The theory of natural selection has been applied to human culture in many different realms. How are the forces that produce diff - Essay Example In India, where social stratification still obviously persists, the rich became rich because he came from a rich family. In contrast, the poor cannot reach the same affluence because the society simply does not permit such occurrence. Second, there is differential reproduction (www.berkeley.edu). In the end of Jurassic era, the huge terrestrial animals might have gone extinct, but the boring creatures such as cockroaches continue to live on until the present. However, unlike in Biology wherein the favored group of creatures prospered, it is not the case in society. Rich Chinese clans, for example, only allow marriages among their family members, so as to maintain their huge assets within the same knit of people. Third, there is inheritance (www.berkley.edu). For example, in humans, the two-leggedness has been passed more successfully than four-leggedness, because the stand-up stance can better utilize their eyes in searching for new places to move on. The same absoluteness cannot be said about society. The traits inherited do not do anything to the social stratification. Among the rich, it is only the name that allows one to be in a favorable strata. However, not all family members do not really end up rich. Those that have become rich did not just have the name, but also the persistence and education This character, in turn, can only be molded with experience, not heredity. References Thorpe, R. S.

Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Business Management - Essay Example When compared to large numbers of changes occurred over the last few decades in technology, lifestyle etc. the management system and concepts across the world seem to have evolved a little change (Hamel and Breen, 2007, p. 4). Bateman and Snell (p. 14) stated that business management is the process in which managers are to work with people and other resources with a view to accomplish organizational goals both effectively and efficiently. Efficiency is related to achieving organizational goals with minimal waste of resources by making best possible use of people, time, money and materials. Effectiveness refers to achieving organizational goals in a way that desired and expected results are gained. Managing a business takes a number of different segments and sections such as human resource management, financial management, marketing management, knowledge management, total quality management and so on. Since the contemporary business contexts are influenced by major economic and market forces such as globalization, technology advances, competition etc. organizations are increasingly giving importance to certain management segments so as to maintain competitive advantage and to compete with other market players. As management is basically the process of managing resources in a firm and getting things done through people, process or technology, different organizations follow different management styles. The management process in a business organization is comprised of the very basic four elements such as planning and strategizing, organizing, leading and controlling and decision making (Gomez, Mejia and Balkin, p. 5). These basic four elements are typically very prominent at almost all different organizations and these are widely used worldwide for effectively managing the resources. These four basic components of management are also the key elements in all other

Midterm Exam Business Valuation and Stock Valuation Essay Example for Free

Midterm Exam Business Valuation and Stock Valuation Essay It is generally more expensive to form a proprietorship than a corporation because, with a proprietorship, extensive legal documents are required. (b) Corporations face fewer regulations than sole proprietorships. (c) One disadvantage of operating a business as a sole proprietorship is that the firm is subject to double taxation, at both the firm level and the owner level. (d) One advantage of forming a corporation is that equity investors are usually exposed to less liability than in a regular partnership. If a regular partnership goes bankrupt, each partner is exposed to liabilities only up to the amount of his or her investment in the business. (2) (TCO G) A security analyst obtained the following information from Prestopino Products’ financial statements: Retained earnings at the end of 2009 were $700,000, but retained earnings at the end of 2010 had declined to $320,000. †¢ The company does not pay dividends. †¢ The company’s depreciation expense is its only non-cash expense; it has no amortization charges. †¢ The company has no non-cash revenues. The company’s net cash flow (NCF) for 2010 was $150,000. On the basis of this information, which of the following statements is CORRECT? (Points : 10) (a) Prestopino had negative net income in 2010. ( b ) Prestopino’s depreciation expense in 2010 was less than $150,000. (c) Prestopino had positive net income in 2010, but its income was less than its 2009 income. (d) Prestopino’s NCF in 2010 must be higher than its NCF in 2009. (e) Prestopino’s cash on the balance sheet at the end of 2010 must be lower than the cash it had on the balance sheet at the end of 2009. Which of the following is most likely to occur? (Points : 10) (a) The required rate of return for an average stock will increase by an amount equal to the increase in the market risk premium. (b) The required rate of return will decline for stocks whose betas are less than 1. 0. (c) The required rate of return on the market, rM, will not change as a result of these changes. (d) The required rate of return for each individual stock in the market will increase by an amount equal to the increase in the market risk premium. (e) The required rate of return on a riskless bond will decline.

The Benefits Of Youth Sports

The Benefits Of Youth Sports A sport is a competitive, organized, entertaining, and dexterous physical movement requiring dedication, fair play, and strategy, and in which a winner can be distinct by objective means. It is controlled by a set of customs or rules. In sports the main factors are the xl capabilities which are physical and skills of the contestant when determining the ending be it losing or winning. The physical activity involves people movement, animals and/or a number of objects like balls and equipment or machines. In contrast, games like board games and card games; even though these can be called mind sports and some are accepted as Olympic sports, entail primarily psychological skills and only mental physical connection. Non-competitive practices, for example playing catch or jogging are usually identified as forms of recreation. (Harper, 2008)Physical actions like scoring goals or first crossing a line often define the outcome of a sport. On the other hand, performance and the degree of skill in some sports such as dressage, diving, and figure skating is judged with reference to well-defined specifications. This is in distinction with other activities judged such as body building and beauty pageants, where skill do not have to be revealed and the criteria are as well not defined. Records are kept back and updated for many sports at the top levels, whereas accomplishments and failures are generally announced in sport news. Sports are at a large amount often played only for fun or for the single reality that people require exercise to stay in fine physical condition. Nevertheless, professional sports are a major resource for entertainment. This is so because they not only excite the players but they usually attract large crowds who turn up to watch other playing. (Mandel) A youth sport on the other hand is a sport for young people to carry out, up to about an age range of 10 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 20 years are youths and they just do sports by coming together. (www.wikiansers.com). A detailed review as to the benefits of sports to the youth has been carried here-in. Sports have several benefits to those participating in them which ensure that they impart a positive impact in their lives. Youth reap many benefits from performance in sports, these includes a healthier body, self-discipline, self-confidence, and stronger relations with peers and adults. The skill youth acquire while participating in sports interpret to their additional activities and commitments, including school performance and family relationships. While young athletes expand their bodies, their minds also develop concurrently. Youth sports builds self-discipline amongst the young people. Through the commitment to a team and basically making it to each practice session is an initial step, for lots of young athletes. Involvement in youth sports also provides a ground for confidence growth. Self-confidence does not appear naturally to every person. Amusingly, one of the finest ways to increasing self-confidence is to be found in demanding situations. Challenges give an opportunity for youth to find out solutions on their own, and garner the consequences of whichever resolution they make. youths Participation in sports therefore presents such opportunities each and every time and againhow to attain on a breakaway in football, how to beat a defender while in a quick counter in basketball, or even how to talk to a colleague about his practice of failing to pass the ball often enough. Challenges, whether physical, or emotional can expand confidence in youth. Youth Participation in sports provides sufficient opportunities for them to build sturdy friendships with their peers and mentoring associations with their coaches. Young athletes profit from working together to arrive at various goals. Players become skilled at how to set the team ahead of their personal interests, this helps them develops the quality of unselfishness. Teams of athletes do not at all times get along perfectly, and putting out-of-the-way differences to play effectively together is another significant lesson to be used throughout life. When kids play sports they expand an understanding as to what their bodies is able do. Youthful athletes are often courageous, sacrificing their bodies to obstruct a kick or dive for a free ball. Playing amid this type of abandon can be very fit, and it promotes a belief in their bodies abilities. Ordinary practices and games build sturdy bones and muscles. While athletes are still young, the spotlight should be on education, having fun and being fit. (www.livestrong.com). Participation in sports improves youths health in the following areas; causes a major improvements in cardiovascular strength, as long as they are performed frequently, improves muscular power (as calculated by handgrip power)which leads to an increased coping rate ability and decreases the risks of functional restrictions in later life ,provides a major improvement in the Mental Health section Score in the first 3 months of partaking, waist-to-hip ratio also reduce in the first three months, also about a third more calories can be burnt in only an hour of some Green Gym activities instead of doing a step aerobics class (Bigelow). While athlete takes part in a sport, they will experience a lot of benefits. A number of of these will be easily recognized and short-term. While others will not be recognized easily, except will end with the athlete a lot longer and will assist form their general growth. They increase and become experts at the various sports skills they participate in. this is because they practice for quite a long time to become a force to reckon with and as we know à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“practice practice makes perfectà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ there is no doubt they eventually become experts in their fields. Sport offer youth a chance to improve their capacity to make decisions and acknowledge responsibilities. This is so because many sports entail making a lot of decisions. For example in football one has to make the right decision when to pass the ball or when to score. It is the same in most mind sport where it is usually a single mistake and you are done, therefore a lot of decision has to be made on the moves to take. Since sports give youth a chance to make various decisions they are able to differentiate good from bad decisions. (www.ehow.com) Youth can develop an interest in ongoing sports involvement even as adults this will mean taking that sport as your carrier. It is worth noting that a large number of families are fed by various sportsmen who engage in only sporting activities. sports has therefore proved to be a source of income to the youth who are participating in them and so many youth should be encouraged to participate in the same. This incomes earned from youth sports are taxed by the government where earned this means that through youth sports a country is able to earn income which it can use in carrying out any of its development agendas. Further, through sports that youth expand a sense of achievement, that helps develop a constructive self-image. Sports also facilitate youth learning to articulate and appreciate their thought, emotions, and admiration for what their bodies can do. They also develop skills on agility, endurance, flexibility, coordination, speed and strength. (www.ultimate-youth-basketball-guide.com) Involvement in sports also avails the opportunities for socialization and leadership, as well as the expansion of skills used for managing failure and success. If you are one of the really talented and qualified players on your team, you are probable in a spot to put into effect team leadership. As one way to guide is to do the same by example. When a talented player demonstrates an optimistic attitude and occupation ethic, all the other players will be likely to follow this example. A number of players will also watch how others play and obviously pick up on some of their techniques and skills. (www.yuothsportspschology.com) Moreover, when playing games, players find out how rules operate. They see how groups require policy to maintain order, that the person must agree to the regulations for the benefit of the group that rules involve a deliberation of the civil rights of others. They as well gain knowledge of the competition, however within a limited and secure system where the penalty of losing is reduced. In addition, sports offer an exclusive arena in which youth can successfully put forth their talents. The arena is exclusive for two reasons. Foremost, sports engage the person as an entire person: all facets-not only cognitive, but also physical, social, and psychological-are engaged pleasantly in striving toward peak accomplishment. Secondly, sports engage youths working in a continuing community consisting of their friends as well as their friends families. Sports, that is, present children an exciting, rewarding, and satisfying way to participate in a bigger world not usually accessible to non athletes. (www.ncpad.com) The participation of youth in sports ensures they learn time management skills and the value of planning in advance. This is true because through the kind of training they undergo while in sports entails following schedules given to them by their coaches, this help them learn a lot of time management skills as they also have to be able to balance between their sports and other activities like studies and family relationships. Sports teaches youth how to deal with hardship by showing them it is fine to make a mistake. Sports give them the opportunity to learn from their mistakes as well as the significance of moving on once a mistake has been done. It is in the same sports where the youth learn that life is not a sooth path as it entails both ups and downs .i.e. there times in life when one can succeed but there are still others when one can fail. Sports offer youth an opportunity of learning a lot of teamwork skills. This is so since many sports involve working together. Most sports are those that require cooperation of several persons for achievement to be evident. Youths can apply the skill they acquire through the experience of playing together in real life situation. This in the long run proves to be beneficial to the youth. Sports Provides the youth with an outlet for channeling their energy. This is a benefit that should not be down played because it is evident youths have a lot of energy to use and sports provide them an avenue to spend their energy and not wasting it in activities that can be harmful to them. For example the time and energy they spend in sports could be spending idling, taking drugs and having sex which could risk their lives. Sports act a stress relief for the youths which can be as a result of academic and social pressures. This is because it has already been proved that nervousness and pressure can be condensed with participation sports. After long hours in classes student can have a nice time in the fields or various sports places where they relive all academic related pressure. (www.getwyrd.org) It is in youth sports where those youths tend to learn one another. Since they work and train together they tend to understand each other weaknesses and strong areas thus promoting good relationship among people. youth sport also promote peace all over the world as different youth from different nation may be converged by a single sport and for the benefit of their team they will have to establish a good rapport. Some youth sports are used as a tool for tourist attraction for several countries thus earning these countries foreign exchange, for example through youth sports many foreigners visit different countries and spend in those countries increasing the national income of such countries. Youth sports have created a lot of employment opportunities. There are so many advertisements relating to youth sports, many players also require other goods and services like they eat and dress thus providing market to other goods. Many people also work in sports arenas like pitches, stadium and many more. This means were it not for the sports such facilities could not exist and thus all those people working in those facilities could be unemployed. This are only but few example of the employment opportunities brought about by youth sports. (Committee, 2005) Promotion of youth sports has greatly reduced the spread of HIV/AIDS. This is so because the youths instead of engaging in activities that promote the deadly virus instead spend their precious time in taking part in various sports. This sport has also facilitated their training on the effect and impacts of the disease as while they are in those various sporting teams they still learn more about the disease. (hyman, 2010) Youth sport has also lead to improved infrastructure in many regions. This is so because sports facilities have to be accompanied by good means of accessing these facilities thus infrastructure like good roads has to be established which are of benefit to all. In conclusion it would be very correct to say that youth sports have a lot of benefits to the youths, parents, the society and the government at large.

Connection of the Mind and Body

Connection of the Mind and Body Paragraphs 1) Why do we feel the way we feel? They rush through you menacingly on a mountain trail when you mistake a twisted stick for a snake or when you feel as if a spider is walking down your neck) . They wash over you gently when your newborn looks your way or when you see any affectionate scene. And when you gaze upon a Monet or call to mind a lilting line of verse, they bring you warmth. Feelings and emotions are woven through every human experience. Emotions are just a part of the human nature. simply, human beings are the most self-conscious animals, and their emotions are considered as base leftovers of their animal selves. societies created civilizations which demanded the need for emotions. the development and prosperities required the formation of numerous feelings. emotions are astounding, indescribable and ineffable ingredients of the human spirit. they are naturally occurring responses and the result of judgments to any situation or a perception of changes taking place within our bodies . for example, we experie nce disgust because our body undergoes physiological changes like queasiness and increased skin temperature at the sight of vomit. emotions generally are dictated to individuals rather than society; they are a result of a persons own evaluation or automatic one to an incident. they are stimulators of reactions based on self-awareness, self consciousness, and the ability to emphasize with others. emotions represent a synthesis of subjective experience, expressive behavior and neurochemical activity. there is a great wide variety of emotions including: anger, fear surprise, disgust, joy and sadness. Feelings can be conscious or unconscious, expressed or unexpressed, positive or negativeor simultaneous. Emotion is at the core of human beings lives, underlying perhaps peoples every motivation, many researchers now agree. It is what we are about, said UC San Francisco psychologist Paul Ekman, an expert decoder of facial expressions. emotions were also described by Department of Veterans Affairs psychiatrist Leslie Brothers as an intangible matter, When you get right down to it, she said, emotion is just a fuzzy, moving target. . . . Its like trying to grab fog. Your hand keeps moving through it. http://smallseotools.com/plagiarism-checker/ 2) How do our thoughts and emotions affect our health? In Woody Allens movie Manhattan, Diane Keaton is breaking up with Woody and wants to know why he isnt angry. I dont get angry, Allen replies, I grow a tumor instead. the mind and emotions play a very important role in the state of health. Therefore, its important for us to recognize and identify our thoughts and emotions, and to be aware of the impact they have—not only on each other, but also on our bodies, behavior, and relationships. Emotions that are freely experienced and expressed without judgment or attachment tend to flow fluidly. On the other hand, repressed emotions (especially fearful or negative ones) can zap mental energy and lead to health problems. emotional disturbances and disorders lead to poor performance of body activities and brings down the immune system making a person more vulnerable for infection, also leads to metabolic illnesses like diabetes. negative feelings like chronic stress from negative attitudes and feelings of helplessness and hopelessness can upset the bodys hormone balance and deplete the brain chemicals required for feelings of happiness. New scientific understandings have also identified the process by which chronic stress can actually decrease peoples lifespan by shortening their telomeres (the â€Å"end caps† of our DNA strands, which play a big role in aging). Poorly managed or repressed anger (hostility) is also related to a slew of health conditions, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, digestive disorders, and infection. negative feelings generally are found to cause heart attacks, cancer, back pain, change in appetite, and chest pain. not only that, but also constipation or diarrhea, dry mouth, insomnia (sleep disorder), sexual problem and sweating. in addition, negative feelings cause palpitations (heart racing), shortness of breath and stiff neck. Positive attitudes on the other hand—such as playfulness, gratitude, awe, love, interest, serenity, and feeling connected to others—have a direct impact on health and wellbeing. The attitude of forgiveness—fully accepting that a negative circumstance has occurred and relinquishing negative feelings surrounding the event—can lead us to experience better mental, emotional and physical health. The Stanford Forgiveness Project trained 260 adults in forgiveness in a 6-week course.70% reported a decrease in their feelings of hurt, 13% experienced reduced anger, 27% experienced fewer physical complaints (for example, pain, gastrointestinal upset, dizziness, etc.) In a landmark study, people who were asked to count their blessings felt happier, exercised more, had fewer physical complaints, and slept better than those who created lists of hassles. Positive emotions generally lead to faster recovery from cardiovascular stress, better sleep, and fewer colds. not onl y that, but also they generate a great sense of overall happiness, physical homeostasis and evokes healthy behavioral responses: less likely to smoke or drink and more likely to exercise. positive feelings lead to a Beneficial physiological responses which include improved sleep quality, and higher levels of antioxidants or good (HDL) cholesterol. 3) Are our bodies and minds distinct from each other or do they function together as parts of an interconnected systems? In the history of thought, the idea that the mind and body are separate has been hotly debated. Probably the most famous statement of mind/body dualism is from the philosopherRenà © Descartes, who in the 17th century argued that there are two different kinds of stuff in the world: stuff extended in space (such as chairs, computers, and human bodies) and stuff which lacks extension but somehow exists as an immaterial substance (the human mind). Many ancient healing systems emphasize the interconnection between mind and body in healing, including Hippocrates, the father of Western medicine, who taught that good health depends on a balance of mind, body, and environment. our bodies and minds are interconnected. the mind is responsible for sending signals which are basically the language of the body. These signals can be hormones which are a type of chemical messengers released by cells and glands. These hormones can be growth factors or other chemicals that influence cells and neurons. there are many systems in the brain that are regulates various functions in the body. First, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of the inner structure of the brain and is a part of the nervous system. It is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing and digestion. it also controls all the muscles, organs and glands. When something goes wrong in this system, it can cause serious problems, including blood pressure problems, heart problems, trouble with breathing and swallowing, and erectile dysfunction in men. Autonomic nervous system disorders can occur alone or as the result of another disease, such asParkinsons disease, alcoholism and diabetes. Some autonomic nervous system disorders get better when an underlying disease is treated. This system is further divided into two branches: the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system regulates the flight-or-fig ht responses (refers to a physiological reaction that occurs in the presence of something that is terrifying, either mentally or physically). This division also performs such tasks as relaxing the bladder, speeding up heart rate and dilating eye pupils. It increases blood pressure and heart rate. Furthermore, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system helps maintain normal body functions and conserves physical resources. This division also performs such tasks as controlling the bladder, slowing down heart rate and constricting eye pupils. most importantly, the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic system is extremely vital. last but not least, the prefrontal cortex is located in the front of the brain below the forehead. it is responsible for personality expression and planning of complex behaviors and decision-making. people experience the connection everyday in situations ranging from mouth-watering over a delicious looking dessert to butterflies be fore a presentation. in the end, negative outcomes can result from the mind and body interconnection including the failure to meet athletic, academic or professional goal due to fear by the mind. 4) What is the mystery behind the gap that connects our brains to our emotions? The mystery behind the gap that connects the brains to the emotions can be represented in one simple word, neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are the master mind of communication; they are the brain chemicals that communicate information throughout our brain and body. It is a simple process in which the brains consists of nervous cells called neurons which pass notes to control everything in the body. the neurotransmitter send messages from neuron to neuron which consequently determines our emotions and feelings and positive or negative mood. The brain uses neurotransmitters to tell your heart to beat, your lungs to breathe, and your stomach to digest. They can also affect mood, sleep, concentration, weight, and can cause adverse symptoms when they are out of balance. As a matter of fact, it is estimated that 86% of Americans have suboptimal neurotransmitter levels. Stress, poor diet, neurotoxins, genetic predisposition, drugs (prescription and recreational), alcohol and caffeine u sage can cause these levels to be out of optimal range. Different neurotransmitters govern different emotions. For example, serotonin calms us down and helps keep us in a good mood. Serotonin also regulates many other processes such as carbohydrate cravings, sleep cycle, pain control and appropriate digestion. Low serotonin levels are also associated with decreased immune system function. Second, dopamine helps people face life challenges with energy and confidence. It helps with depression as well as focus. Third, norepinephrine disperses concentration, alertness and motivation. It can cause anxiety at elevated excretion levels as well as some mood dampening effects. Low levels of norepinephrine are associated with low energy, decreased focus ability and sleep cycle problems.

Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward Essay -- Looking Backward

Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward    People have always wondered what the future will be like. Certainly Edward Bellamy did when he wrote the novel, Looking Backward (1888). Bellamy uses a man named Mr. West as the main character in this novel. He opens by telling who he is and what his social standing is. West is a young man, around the age of 30, and is fairly wealthy. At the beginning, he tells us about his fiancà ©, Edith, and the house he is having trouble building for her. The trouble comes from the fact that the workers keep going on strike due to financial reasons, which prolongs the completion of the house. The biggest hint to the end of the novel comes from when he tells the reader that he suffers from insomnia. West must be put to sleep through a trance in his bedroom, which is an entirely padded room in the basement of his home. When people sleep they often dream, which leads one to believe they can predict the ending of the novel. The prediction to the ending of the novel is that the story, he is telling, is a dream. On page 11 he says, "I called in Dr. Pillsbury. H...

The Art of Coffee :: essays research papers

The Art of Coffee When I began my job as a Barista at Mainline Coffee I knew next to nothing about this art. I enjoyed hanging out at coffee shops with friends, and appreciated the energy boost drinking a cup could give me; however, the sum of my knowledge appeared to be only that I knew how to brew coffee at home. I didn’t know the differences between espresso and drip brew coffee, or the differences between a cappuccino and a latte. I was ignorant of how much more went into the process of creating good quality coffee. During my first few months there I strove to learn as much about this trade as possible. Similar to any other job that I have worked at, I felt that it was my duty as a paid employee to become as fully qualified for the position as possible. An emphatic enthusiast about coffee, my manager Josh took me under his wing and began to impart his vast sum of knowledge to me. Every day I worked with him he would teach me more and more about roasting techniques, different origins of coff ee and their complex tastes, the best way to foam milk, and the correct names for specialty drinks. He worked on developing my palate for coffee by requiring me to taste each new origin we ordered and then, using coffee vernacular, describing it to the best of my ability. We would also have competitions between ourselves as to who could create the best micro-foam when frothing milk. As my knowledge of this art increased, I was excited by the potential that I was finding in coffee. I was able to experience excellent coffee and espresso, and it opened my eyes up to the fact that there was much more to coffee than the â€Å"traditional† Maxwell House, Folgers, or instant coffee could ever offer. Once roasted, coffee beans begin to oxidize, and they rapidly turn stale and bitter. Packing and refrigeration is able to slow down this process, however, it can never be prevented. Maxwell House, Folgers, and similar brands come already ground, and who knows how long they have been sitting on the shelf in the grocery store. The flavors brought out of these coffees can’t compare to the rich, smooth, and full-bodied flavors of coffee that is recently roasted and ground immediately before brewing. I had discovered something that was good, and I wanted to share my new wealth of information with other coffee drinkers like myself.

Mind and Sportsmanship Essay

Sportsmanship goes beyond playing sports in this generation. The key word for having good sportsmanship is honesty. Sportsmanship plays a role in today’s society not only in sports, but in school and the job industry as well. The way sportsmanship is being taught to the younger generation is also to blame; Such as the media, coaches, and parents. Sportsmanship is sportsman like conduct, as fairness, courtesy, being a cheerful loser. The idea of being on a team is to do your best, work together and use your skills to follow the rules and win fairly. This generation has taken â€Å"Sportsmanship† and turned it into â€Å"winning†. Sports teams have become so obsessed with the idea and feeling of winning, they tend to do anything and everything to accomplish that. In most cases for sports they will try take steroids to up their ability and strength; only to win the game. Not only are steroids illegal, but there are also terrible consequences on your body if you take them. Kids have created a habit in school to cheat so they can get that A on that test so they feel accomplished. Do they really feel accomplished for cheating to get that A though? We have cheated ourselves so much that we start convincing our minds that it is normal to cheat instead of using the sources our teachers give us to learn. Along with children and schooling, it’s the same for grown-ups and the job industry. People now lie on their resumes and applications to get a job that they are possibly not even qualified for. When they get that job they get paid money that someone who is qualified to do better work and is more deserving. This day in age has become a bunch of liars in all reality. People have found it to be easier to lie and get away with it to make them look better instead of just being honest. In the mind that creates a satisfaction because they are looked up upon for the things that they are lying about. This also creates a trust issue between all people. Making bosses feel like they have the need to look their employees up on facebook and such. Parents, coaches, and the media have a huge impact on the younger generation when it comes to stuff like this. The parents now-a-days influence their children to win, win, win. You hardly ever hear anything about sportsmanship from parents, the media or coaches. The coaches are usually thinking more about how to win the game instead of giving all of the team members a chance to play equally. The media are the ones that encourage all of those supplements to lose weight and gain muscle. All of these examples have become worse as time has gone by. People become less caring, honest, and trust-worthy. We need our people to get off of their high horses and be themselves, and just accept themselves for who they are. If we had honest, trust worthy and people that didn’t cheat, ones who used sportsmanship; we would have a better economy, smarter people and a better world.

Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie

N. Hart English Honors Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie by David Lubar #7Explain why you think this book will or will not be read 100 years from now. Support your opinion by stating specific events in the story. One hundred years from now I believe this book will be read as it contains most problems faced by incoming freshmen in high school. The book is well written and is fun to read as the main character, Scott Hudson employs literary uses while he writes in his journal to his unborn sibling, who he calls Smelly of his high school experiences.Every teenager faces problems while in high school and some of them are addressed in this book. The issues that are evident in this book are friendship issues, school issues, family dynamics, transition from childhood to adulthood, and actions have consequences. Friendships made in elementary school or middle school can only last in high school if the friends stay in the same city, their interests remain the same, academic performances are given th e same priority, and maturity levels develop at the same rate. Scott’s best friends from middle school are Mitch, Patrick, and Kyle.Scott wishes that they remain friends forever as he calls them â€Å"Three Musketeers. † Scott is not in the same classes as his friends. He has honors and college prep classes and they all have tech prep classes. Mitch gets a girlfriend and has no time for the others. Patrick moves to Texas and then is relocated to Japan because of his father’s work. Kyle, who others think is tough when actually he broke his nose falling off a rocking horse, stands up for his â€Å"bookworm† friend early on in their freshman year but gets on the wrestling team and soon ignores Scott.Once Kyle joins another group he no longer wants to maintain a friendship with Scott because they have different social status in high school. Scott does make some new friends in high school. An inadvertent friend is Wesley Cobble, a tough senior who in the begin ning of school â€Å"shakes down† Scott for money. They meet at the school office where Scott went to get a file for his English teacher, Mr. Franka and Wesley was sent because he was in trouble. Wesley asks Scott why he’s at the office and not wanting to lie, Scott responds that he got to the office by â€Å"perambulation,† which means walking.Wesley buys it and thinks Scott is in trouble too. Later that day at lunch, Wesley sits by Scott in the lunchroom. Scott is not sure why Wesley would want to sit by him and tries to figure this out. One morning Scott is waiting for the bus and Wesley drives by and stops asking Scott if he wants a ride to school. Scott gets into Wesley’s car because he is tired of being confronted by the upper classmen and soon they become friends. For teenagers there can be a lot of school problems to deal with. Scott’s first Spanish teacher is actually a French woman. Then he gets an Australian man to teach him Spanish.He c an’t understand these teachers but realizes his other classmates can’t either. Scott’s classes are hard and he gets a lot of homework. As a result, he has to spend hours trying to get the work down and gets little sleep. S becomes a priority for him. Scott’s PE teacher makes them physically work hard. He even makes them do physical activity when it is freezing. Also, upper classmen constantly pick on freshmen. Scott writes, â€Å"Keep away from seniors. Keep away from juniors. It’s probably a good idea to avoid sophomores, too, since most of them seem to want revenge for what happened when they were freshmen. Scott’s experiences with upper classmen make him realize that you shouldn’t ask directions because they will send you to the wrong place. While on a school bus they usually hit you in the back of the head so sit behind a tall guy. Don’t carry your books under your arm in a crowded hall because they will knock them out. Ol der student council members don’t listen to the freshmen so why join. Lastly, while being on crew for the school play, they make you do all work. Everyone’s family dynamics are different but there are always some issues within the family that causes concern.Scott feels that Bobby, his older brother got the good genes and asks his mom if he was adopted because he is not good with tools. Scott soon realizes that Bobby is struggling to find his own place in the world. Also that Bobby can hardly read and that is why he became so outgoing and got into trouble a lot in high school. They were hiding Bobby’s real problem. Scott also is watching his parents deal with the approaching birth of their third child and is worried that the baby will change things and his parents will not have time for him.The transition from childhood to adulthood is done by everyone is it is called maturing. Scott knows that Kyle is ignoring him but still doesn’t want to acknowledge it because it hurts too much since they used to be good friends. When Kyle tells him that Julia Baskins is out of his league, Scott realizes that he has outgrown their friendship because Kyle is less mature than him. Scott becomes more adventuresome by participating in the school paper, the Zenger Gazette as the sports writer, getting on the student council, and being part of the crew for the school play.All of these activities were to be near Julia who doesn’t succeed in obtaining positions on any of these extracurricular activities but Scott fulfills his responsibilities to them. Lee is another character that shows growth. She is new to the school and wears strange clothing, has piercings, and strange colored hair. Other kids at school call her â€Å"Weirdly† which is a combination of her name, Lee and weird. Her appearance keeps others at a distance. She has the love of literature in common with Scott. When Scott picks her up at her house to go to the last school dance of the year, Lee has changed her appearance to be normal.Another issue that is relatable to teens is that actions have consequences. This is shown when Mouth attempts suicide by hanging himself. Scott feels extremely guilty for he thinks that he may have pushed Mouth over the edge by telling him that he has no clue what girls think at a dance; which resulted in Mouth asking all the girls to dance with him a second time and be rejected by them. When Scott gets a chance to visit Mouth in the hospital he finds out that Mouth feels alone and lonely. That is why he did it.Scott points out that suicide leaves a mess that someone else would have to clean up. Also, when Scott first heard of someone from their school had committed suicide he first thought it was Lee as she always wore dark clothes and likes literature with vampires and death. He immediately feels guilt thinking that she might not have done it if he had been nicer to her and talked with her not caring what others might think . Another effect of one person’s actions is when Scott finally feels comfortable to talk with Wesley about him beating up people and taking their lunch money.Scott relates it to how would Wesley’s imaginary younger brother feel would if that type of bullying was done to him. Wesley seems to understand what Scott is telling him and this conversation may change Wesley to become a better person. Another action that had consequences is when Mouth put in Scott’s piece in the Zenger Gazette relating the football team to food; where Vernon is referred to a hotdog. Scott knows that Vernon is mad about that and wants to beat him up and knowing that Scott has a crush on his girlfriend, Julia. Vernon finally gets his chance by having Kelly lure Scott to a vacant classroom.When Scott gets home his father knows that he was in a fight but Scott tells him that, â€Å"it wasn’t a fair fight but that it is over. † I believe the problems that Scott Hudson encountere d in this book can be the same for high school students. Every new high school students faces the anxiety of the unknown when they first get into high school. This summer reading assignment gave us a glimpse of what those problems may be and let us see how the character, Scott handled them. I enjoyed reading Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie and think that this book will be read a 100 years from now.

Hofstede Cutlural Dimensions

Hofstede Electronic Submission Coversheet TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENT By electronically submitting this work, I certify that: †¢ This assignment is my own work †¢ It has not previously been submitted for assessment †¢ Where material from other sources has been used it has been acknowledged properly †¢ This work meets the requirement of the University’s ethics policy Student Name: nidi kumar Student Number : 9048219 Faculty: FBSE Level of study: level 6 Course title: International business management Unit title: Cross-cultural ManagementAssignment title: Airbus and GLOBE Assignment tutor: Peter Jordan Word count: 500 Learner request for feedback: TO BE COMPLETED BY STAFF Tutor feedback: Areas of Strength: Areas for Improvement: Grade mark: Submitted on time (Y/N): Tutor signature: Date: Identify the key cross-cultural issues faced by the Airbus consortium and relate these to the Globe’s projects clusters of business cultures. Critically evaluate the us efulness of this research in understanding the issues involved and in devising viable solutions.What lessons can be learned for companies embarking on international projects? Introduction Cross-cultural management describes â€Å"organisational behaviour within countries and cultures† (Adler and Gundersen, 2008, p 13) as a result it compares the organisational behaviour across various countries and cultures and most importantly it seeks to comprehend and advance the â€Å"interaction of co-workers, managers, executives, clients, suppliers, and alliance partners from countries and cultures around the world. † (Adler and Gundersen, 2008, p 13).A company that has experience of cross-cultural management and thus has its roots in several European countries is Airbus SAS. (Browaeys and Price, 2011). Outlined on the company’s website they express their desire to overcome â€Å"national divides, sharing development costs, collaborating in the interest of a greater mark et share, and even agreeing a common set of measurements and a common language† (Airbus. com cited in Browaeys and Price, 2011, p 67). However, as time progressed evidence suggests that this has not occurred as demonstrated in key cross-cultural issues experienced by the organisation. Introduction not yet complete (Try to make a generic view of CrossCultural Management beyond companies ie consider how CC management is dealt with across industry sectors ( most prevalent in telecoms organizations) also what are the â€Å"roots† of CC management and how does it address new global challenges/provide new solutions)) Method of Research By comparison of 2 companies ie Airbus / Globe highlighting key CC management approaches, issues and solutions (Risk of systemic flaws in approach/repeatable failures)YOU should compare apples with apples ie list all significant issues, select an issue eg Economic Patriotism and evaluate the approach taken by both parties / im arguing for creat ing A table to do this we can talk†¦ Key Cross-Cultural Issues faced by Airbus (Related to Globe’s Cross-Cultural Approach) Problems Faced by Airbus (enumerate and modify in your own words) Socio-cultural & technical problems. †¢ The workforce at the aircraft manufacturer is geographically distributed in proportion to national ownership stakes.In an instance of economic nationalism, government distort private transactions among economic actors by discriminating against foreigners in the name of national interest. This lead to the decrease in the productive efficiency. It is because of the various differences of management styles and way of communication. For e. g. : comparing with the French people, the Germans prefer collective decision making, whereas the French prefer centralised decision. At the same time the Spanish are flexible but have inferiority complex, so they have tendency to be vague and unreliable due to which they respond very less. Ian Stokes, 2006). †¢ The main problem is when EADS company of Airbus was created, two chief executives German and French headed it. It was maintained even due to knowing the fact of the crisis caused by problems in development in A380 began. Looking from the Hofstedes cultural dimensions the French likes high power distance whereas the Germans prefer low power distance. So while making decisions Germans tend to interfere in the conversations while it is being dislike by France people. So this unintentionally hurt the ego's of the French people and creates a conflict between them. Hofstede. G, 1991) 1 †¢ Due to the government involvement respective countries, cost cutting measures were delayed as state aid comes to rescue their respective partner first. From this situation it seems that power id distributed unequally. The government is being self centred and looking after its own motives. Even no action id being undertaken by the group members of the company in order to tackle this issue. I t is in this area that a culture shows the extent to which it ‘tolerates and fosters pecking orders, and how actively members try to reduce them'. Mead, 1994; 66) 1 †¢ One of the main causes in delay of the launch of Airbus A380 for two years was owing to the fact of having a complex wiring design system for it. †¢ There were 1,200 functions to control the plane that takes 98,000 wires & 40,000 connectors. The system has 500,000 models, which needs to be kept in sync from different countries. It was complicated and very much time consuming due the fact of the engineers being at different locations. †¢ Even the aircraft parts were built at different locations.For example: nose sections are built in France, fuselages in Germany, wings in Great Britain and tails in Spain. And the final assembly were done in Toulouse (France). It unnecessarily increased the transportation cost, communication problems and foremost aspect time consumption. †¢ There was a problem with regards to software and knowledge as well. The engineers in Germany and Spain used the older version V4 of the CAD program in order to design the wiring system, while the engineers in France and England used the newer version V5.This created trouble and delay while transferring the data because the some data was lost while transferring files from one system to another. †¢ With regards to knowledge, French were familiar with the software while the Germans were not inexperienced compared to French. According to Hofstedes1 it seem that the French are more of individualistic in nature because they were least concerned about the training of its partner company's. Due to the lack of integration in engineering it resulted failure in execution. When the HRM team was most needed to train the employees ; communicate between them regarding the software problems, they were very busy with responding to the new legislation- such as those concerned with labour working hours and the Frenc h directive on rights of individuals to choose their own training. As the French are more type of individualism because of the preference towards centralised executive, they tend to first sort out their problems that made them busy in doing things which was not important compared to training problem. Ian Stokes, 2006) 1; (Trompenaars, 1993; 8-11) 1 †¢ The top managers were busy struggling for the senior position in the consortium and lobbying for influence. These lead political goals get in the way of project goals. From this it seems that that the top managers were very much individualistic in nature. They were more interested in getting the name an enjoy being superior in the organization. They seemed to be self-achievement oriented and least concerned about the problems going on in the company.This dispersed the decision making power which was most needed in problems like this. (Hofstede, 1991) 1 All this problems lead to the delay in launch of Airbus A380 for two years that was scheduled to launch in 2006. Delay in delivery forced some airlines to cancel their orders. This gave them loss of euro 2 billion due that they had to make drastic cuts in the size of its workforce and closure of some plants, which in turn dented their image in the market. Efforts taken by Airbus to tackle the issues. In order to tackle the design of the wiring system and the software problems, Airbus made special investment to train its employees with the help of the software supplier. †¢ They even tried to set up intercultural sessions to inspire a warm feeling of mutual understanding, but it failed to address adequately the fundamentals of co-operation. †¢ The EADS managers most of the times tried to draw attention to the common areas and similarities, rather than differences in order to tackle the cross-cultural differences with regards to perceptions and doing things. They have distributed their workforce in proportion to the ownership stakes geographically becau se they thought that this would increase their productive efficiency. Put Table A in here Critical Evaluation of Research (based on analysis of table) Economic Patriotism: Many organisations are forced to develop and expand themselves into new markets overseas due to the increasing maturation of domestic markets and foreign competitors. In order to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors they are recognising their identity that can help them to sustain.The main motive behind this step is that by enlightening the only one of its kind personality or character of an organisation or group, all the way through symbols, communications and behaviours, it will help them to create favourable corporate image in the minds of these groups. Such differentiation will help them to create an image based on the uniqueness of its own identity, as well as creating a tendency in the minds of the people or groups as a basis for developing long-term profitable relationships. (Van, 1992) 2. Ec onomic patriotism is most of similarly related on these theories.Economic patriotism means, â€Å"supporting one's country†. Economic patriotism is the coordinated and the promoted behaviour of consumers or companies (both private and public) that consists of favouring the good or services produced in their country or in their group of countries (wikipedia) 3. According to me economic patriotism means favouring the people and practices done in ones own country, right or wrong. The main motive of the people living in their own country is to promote its thoughts, beliefs, way of doing business, etc. this is automatically done because they had been under the influence of such practices since their childhood.It's like expressing that they love their country and ready to sacrifice for it. Economics patriotism can be done with the help of many activities for e. g. : imposing tariffs on imports, quota system, or encouraging consumers to purchase own domestic services and products. N ow a days a new type of economic patriotism has came up that does not allows foreign investors to develop or acquire companies in one's country. For e. g. : Arcelor acquired by Mittal (Largest steel industry). Government and political bodies are playing the main role to promote economic patriotism.Even in the Airbus case study economic patriotism has played a significant role in problems created by government of different countries. The workforce at the company is geographically distributed in proportion to national ownership stakes. So this makes the workforce far from each other. According to the company it may help them to increase productive efficiency. But in an instance of economic nationalism (whereby the people support their respective rights and countries), the government of respective countries changed private transactions according to their thoughts and practices in order to protect the local economic interests.They discriminated foreigners in the name of national interes t. So political bodies came into role in order to support the local people. Their economic motives include the preservation of employment or attraction of economic activity to a certain area. And the company's strategic motives were to include national security in order to capture rents abroad in monopolistic market. But the patriotic approach of the company proved ineffective because it conflicts with the economic efficiency, which derives from the protection of the interests of the local lobbies. pic] The company tried to integrate all its employees and create a sense of togetherness but the â€Å"economic patriotism† practiced by the people and government in respective countries failed the company's objectives. The politicians want to win the votes from people by supporting their interest. The damaged caused by economic nationalism indirectly created inefficiency and poor performance of corporate governance. Due to this damage Airbus reputation was dented. The government d id not supported because it conflicted with the ideas and thoughts of the government.The cost cutting measures were delayed because the state aid first comes to rescue the government-supported company. The competition increased because government supported companies had privileged access to infrastructure and procurement contracts. This delayed all the process in the company and unnecessarily increased the loss and the cost of production. Indirectly the Airbus suffered from takeover threats from the more efficient organisations. Finally, the national efforts to support one's interest proved to be self-defeating as other countries react in kind, neutralising the initial attempt to gain competitive advantage.Reflection of the way the company was organised. One of the causes of the delay was the complex wiring system and the software compatibility. The digital system has 500,000 models that need to be kept in sync. Despite of the fact that even a single mistake can create problems the company operated from different regions further complicating the wiring system. The seems to be communication gap between the employees because engineers in Germany and Spain used the older V4 version of the CAD program to design the wiring whereas engineers in France and England used the newer V5 version.Although it has been said by the software developer that both the version were compatible but the company should not have taken risks of going with different versions. Although there was claim by developer regarding compatibility the data was lost while transferring files from one system to another. The suppliers were also not involved in a collaborative effort to anticipate problems. There was lack of training and communication among the engineers as well. It can be seen because the engineers in France were familiar with the software while the Germans did not have much experience with it.This shows that there is centralised decision in the company that made other engineers lack of knowledge. They built the different parts in different region, which further complicated the assembling system due to the lack of communication related to knowledge and software problems. Author Hellemans notes that ‘what happened in Germany was not just technical problems related to software but it was an execution failure due to lack of efficient knowledge'. (Davis, 2007) 1 From the problems that Airbus faced, the company was not properly organised because it seems that relied mostly on the software developer regarding the solutions.There was even lack of training, communication and transparency within the organisation. It seems that mostly the decision were made in headquarters only, not with the consent of other people. The merger of the national components in 2001 only integrated themselves officially but mentally they were far away from each other. It even seems to be inequality from lack of technological development equally because when France & England upgraded themse lves to V5 version, the German and Spain were still on the V4 versions. Lessons Learned. what are the lessons learnt from this specific research ie outcomes from analysis of the table/also comment on the quality of the research / ie selection of evaluation â€Å"parameters† to compare, what if scenarios / heuristics / deductions / further research) In the real world there is not any specific best way to integrate diverse cultures within an international joint venture. It solely depends upon the situation and the kind of cultures involves. But I am trying to be closer to individual's perception and actions that may lead to a common ground where everyone accept each other.Research: Proper research needs to done before setting up such a culturally diversified company. Research should be on the basis of the cultural dimension of Hofstedes1 i. e. power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculine vs. feminine, short-term vs. long-term orientation, what they like and what they don't. It helps them to integrate all their activities on the common grounds and come up with a solution that maybe acceptable to everyone. Collectivist's approach: As we don't have any idea about what people's want and desires are, a collectivists approach will explore the ideas and perceptions about each other.It will gradually help to know each other's ideas and beliefs that can be helpful to achieve the desired goals and objectives. Initially it may create problems but at the later stage when everybody has been known to each other it help people or employees to understand regarding what to do and what not to do. Diffuse relationships: The company employees need to be considered as members of a group or an organization. They should be involved decision-making process. It helps the employees to build rapport between themselves that in turn explore each other's ideas and beliefs.Their relationships with each other helps us to find how efficient the organization is and what steps need to be taken in order to tackle the cross-cultural issues. Teambuilding session should be conducted in order to create a feeling of oneness, which can increase the efficiency of a company. (Trompenaars, 1993; 8-11) 1. Equality: If we integrate diverse cultures within international joint venture equality should be always there in term development, technological advancement, knowledge, etc. n the Airbus it failed because Germany ; Spain had V4 version of the Cad programme whereas France ; England had the latest V5 version. So always proper standardisation should be adopted within the whole organization at a specific time. Global knowledge, local understanding: the approach should be to indulge diverse cultures but the process should be local. It means any activity done should be on the basis of the activity carries out in the home country of any organisation. Proper training should be given to its employees from the engineers at headquarters because they know it better than anyone else.Th is helps them to consume less time and achieve perfection, stabilisation, which is considered to be vital in any industry in order to achieve goals and objectives. Training can even be of language, way of doing things, actions, etc. Due to lack of proper training the Germans were not familiar with the software, it more delayed the project while executing the fuselages. Time focus (polychromic): Initially the top managers need to be polychromic in time i. e. the top managers need to focus on several tasks ; should be less dependent on detailed information hile doing these tasks. Their main focus should be on involvement with people. This helps the employees or the partners in business to be much more expressive and approach the management whenever they feel to do so. (Hall ; hall, 1990). References. 1. Marie-Joelle Browaeys and Roger Price – Understanding Cross-Cultural Management, 2008. 2. Marlo Thomas; Helene Hill, International Marketing Review, Vol16, Number: 4/5, Year: 19 99, pp: 376-390. 3. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Economic_nationalism. Read more: http://www. ukessays. om/essays/cultural-studies/airbus-case-study. php#ixzz2BNsfYQjM Economic Patriotism A key cross-cultural issue which has been highlighted is the considerable damage caused by economic patriotism to Airbus. An example of this economic patriotism which caused difficulties was the issue of German and Spanish engineers using the older V4 version of the CAD program; whereas the UK and France used the new V5 version. A significant reason for the rejection of the new system has been emphasized by Williams (cited in Clark, 2006) as a matter of national pride.The Germans felt the French were imposing the new system upon them, causing them to reject it. In relation to the GLOBE theory, this act can be identified as an action of assertiveness from German employees, due to the fact that they would rather emphasis on results rather than relationships. Furthermore, Webber (cited in Clark, 200 6) expressed this when he explained that â€Å"changing over to new software is costly and time consuming. As a result, German employees faced French imposition with confrontation. German and French governments also had extensive involvement causing increased economic patriotism. Will add government issues here and relate to individualism from Hofstede Reorganisation of company Airbus required a reorganisation of the company in order to improve â€Å"co-ordination, reduce the costs of production and the time between conception of planes and their introduction into service. † (Browaeys and Price, 2011, p 67), however this was not planned efficiently, due to the fact that culture differences would arise. A significant issue Airbus faced was the problem of having two CEO’s, one from Germany, the other from France.This caused significant concerns because they had to compromise over key decisions due to each country having different cultural approaches to business. †¢ This part will be related to power distance, uncertainty avoidance, collectivism (institutional)(no consideration for others) , future and performance orientation(very little performance as they are not achieving anything) †¢ Will include evidence that relates to the Airbus and globe †¢ Decentralized management †¢ Loss profits †¢ Common language didn’t go as planned Gender egalitarianism I will discuss gender egalitarianism as it’s a key issue because in the case study evidence suggests it’s a male dominated job Critically evaluate In this part of the essay I will evaluate the usefulness of the theory including issues such as: †¢ Data collected from 2004 (therefore not up-to-date) †¢ Quantitative research rather than qualitative Lessons learned †¢ Equality †¢ Rapport between employees †¢ More intensive research needs to be done †¢ Diffuse relationships †¢ Integrate activities on common ground Reference page ADLER, N. , and A. GUNDERSEN, 2008.International Dimensions of Organisational Behaviour. 5th ed. USA: Thomson Higher Education BROWAEYS, M. , and R. PRICE, 2011. Understanding cross cultural management. 2nd ed. England: Pearson Education Limited CLARK, N. , 2006. The airbus saga: crossed wired and a multibillion-euro delay- Business-International Herald Tribune [online] [viewed 25 October 2012]. Available from: http://www. nytimes. com/2006/12/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-airbus. 3860198. html? pagewanted=all ———————– Important – choose one of the following statements (DELETE TWO THAT DO NOT APPLY): Intermediate submission

Guidelines for Proposal Writings

When it comes to the human service field grant funding and the funding programs are both very important to the different organizations and agencies. In the paper it will provide the reader with the different definitions of a needs statement, grants or proposals and quantitative and qualitative data. It will also state what the purpose of a needs assessment is. Further along in the paper the basic format for writing a proposal or grant will be explained. There then will be steps explaining why each of the elements is important. How and where do you use quantitative and qualitative data in a proposal will conclude the paper. A need statement sets the framework for the entire proposal, as it will describe a critical set of conditions or a social need affecting people or things in a specific place at a specific time (Carlson& O’Neal- McElrath, 2008). One of the main purposes of a need assessment is to help assist with some agencies planning. A need statement can be the turning point that will help the funder to give thought on a non- profit request. When it comes to developing a need statement the writer has to address the organization purpose and mission statement. Within the need statement it should generally approach what type of clients their specific organization will or already serving. When there is a need for your specific organization you and the organization have to be well supported and have evidence to back it up. The facts can be on the views or trends found in the experience of doing the work (Carlson & O’Neal- McElrath, 2008). The statement should be easy to understand, by keeping it sweet and simple you can accomplish the goal of making sure the reader understand your true need. When stating your agency need the writer has to make sure there are true facts and good sources. Also never assume and use documents that do not have those legitimate facts. Make sure you state who have spoken on your specific topic, also make sure all data are documented, use touching stories of different individuals for an example and give the funder a clear view of the urgency of your request (Carlson & O’ Neal- McElrath, 2008). When using people to provide the different touching stories within the grant, you have to make sure the agency and the specific individual have data to back up the story. By giving the funder a clear view of your need they will then see how urgent your request is for funds for your specific agency. There is a difference between an assessment and a needs assessment in the examination of learning. A regular assessment will move you forward to academic or professional awards which normally will include measurement of the performance, adequacy by an accessor and information that has been gathered. As for the needs statement it may have some similarities but once again it is mainly based off of professional judgment and data. The need assessment methods are limited by the standards of the assessment but it will eventually fall into the trap of assessing only a narrow range of needs (Learning Needs Assessment, 2013). After you have your need assessment and other things such as the mission and vision statement, you then go on to create the grant or proposal. A grant is an award made to an individual or an institution to support the specific costs of the project implementation or continuation (Grant Writing Guidelines, 2013). Every grant has to make a compelling case. The presentation of the grant must be well spoken on as well as the ideas of the organization. The grant should also be clearly organized, well planned and goal oriented. When the grant has these in order the chance of getting accepted is higher. The basic format for writing a standard grant or proposal includes the following: cover letter, proposal summary or abstract, introduction describing the grant seeker or organization, problem statement or need statement, project objectives, methods or design project evaluation, the future funding and project budget (How to Develop and Write A Grant Proposal, 2007). To start the grant you have the cover letter. On the cover letter it will include who the letter will be addressed to at the funding source. The cover will have the mission of the agency and discuss in which ways their project can add asset to the current goals. Also within the cover letter you should limit the paragraphs to no more than four. In a federal or state grant a cover letter is normally not needed unless they ask for one. The cover letter is important in the grant writing process due to it is your chance to let the funder know up front about the agency goals and to let them know the grant will fulfill the requirements. The introduction of the application will let the agency describe their organization and demonstrate that they are qualified for the project at hand (How to Develop and Write a Grant Proposal, 2007). In this section the history of the organization, goals and mission, how significant it is and the accomplishments and any success stories will be inserted. If the agency have received any endorsements, press coverage or previous grants it should be used as a reference with supporting documents. You also will need to speak on the staff and the list of board directors. The summary part is important due to it is the part where the agency can establish their credibility and get their point across (How to Develop and Write a Grant Proposal, 2007). The next section of the proposal would be the need statement. The need statement is important due to it states the problem that you are addressing and the main reason of your proposal. The need statement which was previously discussed covers the areas as follows: recipients, who they are and how they benefit and receive services, social economic cost, the problem at hand with facts to support, stress what gaps exist in addressing the problem that is talked about in the proposal (How to Develop and Write a Grant Proposal, 2007). Also at the end of the need statement you should explain the time frame of the program to the funder and why securing the funds is critical to your organization. The goals and objective is important to the proposal because it states what your organization hope to achieve. It will also help when you use powerful language that will be persuasive to the reader. The agency should always make sure that all goals and objectives are measureable. Also make sure the objective explains who and what you will be serving. The next part of the grant is the program design. This section shows how the project will work and solve the current problem at hand (How to Develop and Write a Grant Proposal, 2007). Within this section you will have to be explicit, and be able to explain why the methods that you have chosen are the best and how they will make your objectives reachable. Within the program design you will state the supplies such as the equipment services required and the resources for this project. An evaluation plan should be a consideration in every stage of the proposal development (How to Develop And Write a Grant Proposal, 2007). Sometimes the evaluation is where some organizations fall short. The evaluation is important to the proposal due to this is the main part where grant reviewers will look. The evaluation states how you will measure your results for your project. You also as an organization have to make sure methods and the objectives are consistent and explain how you will use the findings. The project sustainability is where the grant funder has funded the agency and now wants to see the results through the project sustainability (How to Develop And Write A Grant Proposal, 2007). In the project sustainability section you and the agency should restate the goals or plans for the project that you are trying to promote. You should also as an agency state how funds will continue to flow in the future for the program. Some of the plans for the agency future could be things such as blueprints of how the plans will work, and include the hiring staff and other contractors if needed. The budget section is very important due to this is where you ask for the money for your organization program. The format of the budget should be clear for the funder to understand. In the budget section it will include personal expenses and project expenses. The budget section should always start with a proposal statement. Generally budgets are divided into two categories one being the personnel cost and the second being the non-personnel cost (How to Develop And Write A Grant Proposal, 2007). In the personnel cost this is where the salaries on the employees come in and the health care as well. The non-personnel section will include utilities, equipment and the rental or the cost of leasing you agency building. When writing a grant you will always use quantitative and qualitative data within your research. Quantitative methods will output hard numbers while qualitative methods use descriptive data (Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation Methods, 2013). Qualitative data can sometimes include audio recordings, photos and other data. Qualitative methods have been used in research to explain specific methods, but can also show examples of the different applications at the same time. Qualitative method can be used in many complex settings for different interactions. Some of the interactions can be among professional groups and different organizations. Qualitative data will help clarify values, language and meanings attributed to people who play different roles in organizations and communities (Qualitative Methods, 2013). Qualitative data are gathered by interviews and observations. The qualitative involve small numbers and can use open ended questionnaires when needed. A strength that qualitative data has is it can gather multiple methods and provide information on more difficult issues. Some of the limitations could be the time it would take to collect the data. Another limitation is it can sometimes be difficult to analyze. As an organization you can collect qualitative data by observation, interviews and focus groups (Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation Methods, 2013). Quantitative data can be analyzed by using statistical methods. Some census, government statistics can include quantitative evaluations. Quantitative can have strengths and weakness as well as Qualitative did. A strength that it has is data that is usually collected is efficient and easy to analyze. One limitation that is has is sometimes the data can be too large to explain some of the complex that issues that will arise. Within the grant for the organization the quantitative can come in handy when it comes to surveys or questionnaires, post-test, existing databases and statistical analysis. Qualitative data will be used for observations, interviews and non- statistical focus groups (Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation Methods, 2013). In the paper it provided the reader with the different definitions of a needs statement, grants or proposals and quantitative and qualitative data. It also stated what the purpose of a needs assessment is. Further along in the paper the basic format for writing a proposal or grant was explained. There then were steps explaining why each of the elements of the grant is important. Then to conclude there was how and where you use quantitative and qualitative data in a proposal. With this information provided in the paper the reader would now be able to complete a successful proposal. References Carlson, M., & O'Neal- McElrath, T. (2008). Winning Grants. Step by Step (3rd ed.). San Francisco, California: Jossey- Bass. How to Develop and Write a Grant Proposal. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.mikulski.senate.gov Grant Writing Guidelines. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.web.riverdeep.net Qualitative Methods. (2013). Retrieved from http://www/ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation Methods. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.civicpartnerships.org